Archivo de la categoría: Noticias de futbol

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Pros y contras de ver televisión

A muchos de nosotros nos encanta ver la televisión, especialmente durante nuestro tiempo libre y si no tenemos nada que hacer. Nos gusta mirar televisión mientras comemos nuestros bocadillos favoritos o pasamos el rato en casa de un amigo. De cualquier manera nos entretenemos cuando vemos la televisión. Hay muchos programas diferentes que podemos ver en la televisión dependiendo de nuestro estado de ánimo y nuestra personalidad. A algunos les encanta ver comedias y programas de entrevistas, mientras que a otros, especialmente a los niños y a los jóvenes de corazón, les encanta ver dibujos animados en Cartoon Network o el canal Disney.

Pero entonces, ver la televisión tiene sus ventajas y desventajas. Los expertos dicen que ver demasiada televisión, especialmente entre los niños, no es bueno para la salud ni para la mente. La televisión puede ser entretenida e informativa, pero a veces puede ser dañina y dañina.

A continuación se presentan los pros y los contras de ver la televisión.

Ventajas:

1.) Entretenimiento y risas

Nos entretienen los programas que nos encanta ver. Nos reímos de las cosas que encontramos divertidas y cómicas en el programa de televisión que estamos viendo. También nos encanta bailar o cantar junto con las celebridades que vemos en la televisión y algunos de nosotros incluso copiamos sus movimientos de baile y estilos de canto.

2.) Información y procedimientos

Aprendemos mucha información sobre lugares y personas que normalmente no aprendemos en revistas, libros y periódicos. Hay programas de viajes que nos muestran hermosos lugares del mundo y nos informan sobre la cultura de diferentes países, lo que puede ser de gran ayuda, especialmente si planeamos viajar. También aprendemos fácilmente cómo cocinar nuevas recetas viendo programas de cocina y podemos aprender a hacer otras cosas a través de programas que muestran procedimientos paso a paso para realizar un trabajo en particular, ejercicio u otras cosas interesantes.

3.) Mejorar la memoria y facilitar el aprendizaje

Solemos tomar nota del horario de nuestros programas favoritos, especialmente si solo se muestra una o dos veces por semana. Tendemos a almacenar y recordar las cosas que sucedieron recientemente en nuestro programa favorito antes de que se muestre el próximo episodio en la televisión. Esto ayudará a mejorar nuestra memoria que podemos aplicar en nuestra vida diaria. Para los niños, es más fácil aprender matemáticas, ciencias, alfabeto y otras materias si alguien les puede mostrar cómo hacerlo, como contar, identificar objetos y mucho más. Los programas de televisión educativos están disponibles para que los niños los vean y aprendan.

4.) Vinculación con familiares y amigos

Ver televisión es una excelente manera de vincularse con familiares y amigos, especialmente los fines de semana. Puedes reírte y discutir cosas que ves en la televisión. Eso puede ser muy divertido.

5.) Conciencia y Alerta

Los informes meteorológicos y las noticias actuales sobre diferentes partes del mundo pueden informarle sobre lo que sucede fuera de su país. También puede estar alerta cuando se acerca un tifón en su área y eso puede ayudarlo a prepararse.

Contras:

1.) Disminución de la creatividad y la imaginación.

Los programas de televisión, incluidos los comerciales, tienden a compartir sus trabajos creativos con nosotros e impartirnos sus ideas y opiniones, lo que no es favorable y puede conducir a una disminución de nuestra creatividad e imaginación, ya que no podemos pensar por nosotros mismos, ya que las cosas creativas están fácilmente disponibles. y compartido con nosotros.

2.) Problemas de salud

Solemos comer comida chatarra o cualquiera de nuestros snacks favoritos mientras vemos la televisión. Esto no es bueno para nuestra salud porque tendemos a comer mucho mientras estamos sentados frente al televisor. Esto puede conducir a la obesidad ya que no nos movemos mucho cuando vemos la televisión. Esto también puede conducir a otras dolencias graves causadas por comer mucho y moverse menos.

3.) Hace que la gente sea perezosa

La mayoría de nosotros nos enganchamos al ver programas de nuestro canal de televisión favorito. A veces incluso nos olvidamos de hacer nuestro trabajo u otras cosas importantes porque nos involucramos en el programa que estamos viendo. Algunas personas se olvidan de hacer las tareas del hogar porque prefieren ver la televisión que trabajar.

4.) Algunos programas no enseñan buenos valores.

Hay programas de televisión que no enseñan buenos valores especialmente a los niños. En lugar de enseñarles buenas obras, incluso imitan, recrean o simulan cosas importantes que suceden a nuestro alrededor y que no es bueno que los niños vean.

En resumen, al mirar televisión debe elegir y monitorear los programas de televisión que usted y sus hijos deben ver. Elija programas que puedan ayudarlo a aprender y crecer como persona. También debe limitar el tiempo que sus hijos pasan viendo la televisión. La cantidad máxima de horas que los niños pequeños deben ver televisión es de 3 horas, mientras que para los adolescentes debe asegurarse de que vean buenos programas solo cuando hayan terminado con la tarea y los proyectos.

Camisetas RUSIA Noticias de futbol. Mundial, Liga Santander, Champions League, Copa del Rey y más. Todo el futbol en Mundo Deportivo

Resumen de la final de la UEFA Champions League 2006-2007

La competición de fútbol más prestigiosa y lucrativa de Europa es la LIGA DE CAMPEONES DE LA UEFA. Real Madrid, Manchester United, Liverpool, Barcelona, ​​AC Milan, Ajax, FC Porto, Bo Russia Dortmund y muchos otros que prueban la experiencia del fútbol. La edición 2006/2007 del campeonato con el AC Milan en una batalla por la supremacía con el Liverpool, el AC Milan perdió ante el Liverpool en la edición 2004/2005 en lo que se conoce como una lucha por terminar la remontada. El AC Milan, que ganaba por tres goles a cero, se vio sorprendido por el empate del Liverpool en la segunda disputada, que llevó a ambos lados a una tanda de penaltis con el internacional polaco Jerzy Dudek ganando el día al salvar tres de los penales del AC Milan.

«¡2006/2007 es el año de la venganza!» esto es lo que decían la mayoría de los jugadores y aficionados del AC Milan. El lado del Liverpool está respondiendo que es una repetición de 2004/2005 con ambos lados haciendo pocos cambios en su lado. Se supone que tanto el técnico Carlos Ancelotti como Rafael Benítez conocían las debilidades del otro. El AC Milan se clasificó de su grupo junto al Lille al frente con diez puntos, ganando tres partidos, empatando uno y perdiendo dos. Salió en la cima del grupo El AC Milan tuvo un comienzo humilde que hace que mucha gente piense que no es capaz de llegar a la final de la liga de campeones, afortunadamente ganó el Celtic con un gol en la prórroga del brasileño Kaká, ganó el partido 1 – 0 en total para ellos. El fue a jugar al Bayern Munich, que mandó al Real Madrid (otro equipo fuerte) a hacer las maletas.

El caso estaba claro y todos decían que Bayer superará al AC Milan después de un empate 2-2 en el partido de ida en el estadio San-Sirs, hogar del AC Milan. El AC Milan también sorprendió a muchos al darle la vuelta a la tabla para ganar en casa del Bayern con goles de Clarence Seedorf y Fillippoinzaghi. El ganado 2 – 4 en el global. Se enfrentaron a otro equipo fuerte con el mayor margen de derrota en las ligas de campeones de 2006 – 2007, el Manchester United, en una semifinal altamente explosiva. El partido de ida terminó 3 – 2 con goles de Kaká para el AC Milan, unidos lo hicieron bien al remontar un gol en contra para terminar la marcha con una victoria, con goles de Cristiano Ronald y doblete de Wayne Rooney. El partido de vuelta fue estupendo para el AC, que no permitió al United ningún espacio y se aseguró de que no concedieran gol. Derrotó al United con goles del cabeza de serie Clarence, Kaká y el suplente Gilargino para terminar la marcha 5 a 3 en el global.

El Liverpool encabeza su grupo de forma convincente con 13 puntos en 6 partidos junto al PS V por delante del Burdeos y el Galatasaray. El Liverpool se empató junto al Barcelona el campeonato defensivo. Liverpool estuvo espectacular en su partido fuera de casa por 2 – 1 con goles de Craig Bellamy y Jean Arne Riise. Jugaron el partido de vuelta y no encajaron demasiados goles, tuvieron la mala suerte de no marcar, porque la mayoría de sus tiros a puerta dieron en el poste. El único gol de Eidur Audhonsen que no pudo ayudar al Barcelona que se estrelló por la regla del gol fuera de casa (2 – 2) fue el global. El Liverpool se fue a cuartos para volver a medirse con el PSV. Derrotó al PSV en casa por 3 – 0 y también lo derrotó en un campo (su campo 45, 362). Ganaron 1 – 0 para terminar el partido 4 – 0 en el global.

Le tocó al Chelsea, coequipo inglés, cargar la carga de la liga de campeones cuando se enfrentó al Liverpool. Chelsea no concedió un gol en el partido de ida a Anfield para poner el 1 – 1 en el global. Esto condujo a una penalización y Chelsea estaba del lado del empaque. Es la final de AC Milan y Liverpool.

Todos los caminos llevaron a Atenas, sede de la final de la liga de campeones 2006/2007 el 23 de mayo de 2007, donde el AC Millan jugará contra el Liverpool. Las apuestas continuaron en todo el mundo, ya que la gente apostaba a que ganaría su lado preferido. Ambos lados querían ganar, ambos entrenadores jugaron con técnicas que funcionarán, el tiempo hizo el juicio de la técnica cuando Fillipo Inzagbi convirtió un tiro libre que desvió el jugador del Liverpool a la red y el Liverpool intentó crear para igualar pero fue en vano. Por otro lado, el AC Milan está buscando una oportunidad para duplicar su ventaja, todos los esfuerzos del AC Milan para duplicar la ventaja fueron sorprendidos en fuera de juego.

Benítez presentó a Peter Crouch por su ventaja de cabeza y altura. AC Milan continuó presionando hacia adelante, sorprendentemente AC Milan creó una oportunidad nuevamente, esta vez no en una posición de fuera de juego. El gol tardío de Dirk Kuyt no pudo salvar a los Rojos, ya que el Liverpool cayó por 1 gol a 2. Un día de AC Millan, la gente lo llama. Dicen los analistas que muchos culparon a Rafael Benítez por la sustitución tardía de Mascherano de Crouch. Digan lo que digan, el AC Milan ha añadido otra pluma a su gorra. Buen juego de ambos lados por darnos una buena final, ambos jugaron bien, pero el Liverpool estuvo en el lado receptor. Felicitaciones a los jugadores, cuerpo técnico, funcionarios, miembros de la junta y fanáticos del AC Milan Worldwide.

Camisetas AC Milan Fútbol Noticias de los equipos de fútbol de 1ª y 2ª división, la Champions League y la UEFA, la Copa del Rey y la Selección Española

Resumen de la jornada 6 de la UEFA Champions League

La liga de campeones de la UEFA entra en los últimos partidos de la fase de grupos el martes 9 de diciembre

Empezaremos echando un vistazo a

Grupo A

Chelsea Vs CFR Cluj Predicciones de juego: Chelsea ganará 2:0

El Chelsea en casa debería haber sido un gran favorito, pero desde que perdió ante Liverpool y Arsenal en las últimas 4 semanas, su récord en casa en la Premiership inglesa se ha ido. Los rumanos llegarán a Stamford Bridge sin nada por lo que jugarse. Los últimos del grupo sin la posibilidad de obtener el 3er lugar pueden ver esto como un juego de práctica.

Roma Vs Bordeaux Predicciones de juego: Roma ganará 3:1

La Roma encabeza el grupo y tiene todo por lo que jugar. Están compitiendo por el primer puesto con el Chelsea. Los italianos son maestros pasados ​​​​y están moliendo los resultados serán favoritos para encabezar el grupo a partir de las 22:00.

Grupo B

Panathinaikos Vs Anorthosis Predicciones de juego: PAN ganará 1:0

Este es un grupo muy cerrado con 3 equipos capaces de pasar a los octavos de final. A los griegos les gustará llegar a los octavos de final y jugar frente a un público local del Partizan que se espera que ganen.

Bremen Vs Internazionale Predicciones de juego: Inter ganará 1:0

Con el Bremen fuera de carrera en los octavos de final, el Inter de Milán debería hacerse con el primer puesto. Aunque una victoria del Inter no debe darse por sentada.

Grupo C

Predicciones del partido Basilea Vs Sporting: Empate 1:1

Con el grupo ya cerrado no hay nada por lo que jugar. El equipo suizo, que acaba de obtener 1 punto en la liga esta vez, espera una victoria en casa para impulsar el espíritu.

Predicciones del juego Barcelona Vs Shakhtar: Barça ganará 4:0

Este debería ser un juego de práctica para el Barça, probablemente descansarán todos los jugadores principales y darán algo de tiempo de juego a los jugadores marginales.

Grupo D

Pronósticos PSV Vs Liverpool: empate 0:0

Con Liverpool y Atlético acaparando los 2 primeros lugares, el PSV tendrá que conformarse con tratar de obtener el 3er lugar de Marsella. El Liverpool al que le falta un Toress paralizado no tiene dientes y tendrá suerte si consigue un empate en el partido.

Marsella Vs Atlético Pronósticos del partido: Aletico ganará 2:1

Aunque el Atlético está fuera en Francia para su último partido de la liga de campeones, debería tener confianza en ganar el partido y, por lo tanto, obtener el primer puesto del grupo.

Puede reimprimir este artículo en su totalidad. Incluya también mi cuadro de recursos de autor sin editar ningún enlace en sus reimpresiones.

Camisetas Manchester United Noticias de Noticias Fútbol – Estadio deportivo.

Verdades Filosófico-Históricas Confieren Juventus Ganador de la UEFA Champions League 2018/2019

Un acontecimiento natural que ha afectado mucho al hombre en los últimos tiempos han sido las erupciones volcánicas de 2010 en Islandia. El Eyjafjallajokul, como se le llama, lanzó cenizas a los cielos de Europa el 14 de abril. Esta erupción provocó una interrupción masiva en los vuelos que entraban y salían de Europa con el cierre de varios aeropuertos. Se informó que varios miles de vuelos fueron cancelados dejando a millones de pasajeros varados en todo el mundo.

Poco sabían muchos que el Eyjafjallajokul fue un acontecimiento cuyo objeto fue el partido de ida de semifinales entre el FC Barcelona de España y el Inter de Milán de Italia. La erupción volcánica convirtió al primero en su objetivo con el objetivo de desgastarlo y crear una ventaja para los locales. El partido de ida estaba programado en Italia y, dado el apretado calendario futbolístico, el partido tenía que seguir adelante como estaba previsto. Las limitaciones de tiempo hicieron que los visitantes tuvieran que ir por carretera a Milán, un viaje que tuvo consecuencias psicológicas de cansancio para el equipo viajero. El resultado fue que el Barcelona perdió el partido y quedó eliminado de la competición.

Eyjafjallajokul sucedió principalmente por razones históricas. Su causa, el motor de las erupciones fue sin embargo filosófica. El factor histórico detrás de este evento ya se había desarrollado en el artículo La Filosofía de la UEFA Champions League. El aspecto filosófico había sido detalladamente detallado en mi libro La Filosofía del Cosmos.

De acuerdo con La Filosofía del Cosmos, los orígenes del universo comenzaron cuando entidades incorpóreas llamadas abstractas impartieron su fuerza a alguna materia del universo material. Los abstractos son espíritu, alma, aire, mente, conciencia, razón e ideas. Los objetos traídos a la existencia son cuerpos cósmicos, plantas, animales y el hombre. Estos constituyen lo real. También está el material que son rocas, montañas, etc. Por lo tanto, el cosmos se clasifica en abstracto, real y material. Estos abstractos que causaron la evolución y sus objetos siguen subsistiendo en ellos.

En La Filosofía de la UEFA Champions League, esos abstractos que aún forman parte del universo desarrollado con el hombre, rasgos o características específicas debido a ciertas circunstancias en el pasado. Por ejemplo, la gente de Ijebu Ode adquirió los rasgos de inteligencia, organización y empresa comercial debido a siglos de maniobras con opciones no militares para su supervivencia. Esos rasgos de inteligencia se han vuelto fijos y permanentes incluso cuando la gente ya no se dedica a las actividades que engendraron los rasgos. El punto donde las actividades conducen a estos rasgos es la metafísica. Aquí es donde los rasgos comienzan a fluir naturalmente continuando la transferencia generacional por la que también pasaron esas actividades.

En la principal competición de clubes de Europa, las décadas de existencia de la Copa de Europa representan los siglos de maniobras de Ijebu Ode para sobrevivir con opciones no militares, mientras que la UEFA Champions League es el período fijo, permanente e irreversible de los rasgos desarrollados de inteligencia y organización de la gente de Ijebu Ode. La introducción de la UEFA Champions League en 1992 es el punto metafísico de la era de la Copa de Europa de 1956 a 1992.

Para la UEFA Champions League la metafísica formada se basa en los antecedentes históricos de las ligas y clubes participantes. Se basa en la precedencia histórica. Esta regla comenzó a tomar forma en 2000 cuando La Liga niveló a la Serie A y la Premier League por su novena medalla de plata europea. La regla entró en vigor formalmente en 2002 cuando La Liga ganó su décima Copa de Europa. Desde ese año hasta la fecha, ni la Serie A superó a La Liga ni la Premier League superó a la Serie A. Esta fue exactamente la razón por la que Eyjafjallajokul lanzó sus cenizas al espacio aéreo europeo en 2010.

El Real Madrid fue el primer club en ganar la Copa de Europa en 1956. Ganó el trofeo de forma consecutiva durante cinco años. Ningún otro club en el fútbol europeo ha logrado jamás una hazaña cercana a esta. El FC Barcelona ganó el trofeo una vez en la era de la Copa de Europa. El club quedó a la zaga de equipos como el Bayern de Múnich y el Liverpool que lograron el triplete en la Copa de Europa. En 2009 el FC Barcelona ganó la UEFA Champions League. Aproximadamente 6 meses después, el club había reclamado todos los trofeos por los que competía. Así, en 2010 los de Guardiola se dieron a la tarea de convertirse en el primer club del club en retenerlo. Fue este objetivo de Barcelona el que provocó que el Eyjafjallajokul arrojara cenizas al cielo. Eyjafjallajokul sucedió debido al mensaje subyacente a la regla de precedencia que para Barcelona dice No puedes ser en el presente lo que no has sido en el pasado. La importancia de este mensaje es que Barcelona no tiene el pedigrí para defender la copa. Que solo el Real Madrid poseía tal pedigrí. Por lo tanto, sólo el Madrid que presume de ese pedigrí en Europa podría lograr tal proeza. De ahí la erupción del volcán.

Lo que el Barcelona intentó y no logró de 2010 a 2012 fue lo que el Real Madrid intentó y logró de 2016 a 2018. El Barcelona encontró obstáculos no en el Inter de Milán y el Chelsea, que eran meros instrumentos de ejecución, sino en el Real Madrid. Que el Barcelona fracasó colectivamente con su perspicacia gerencial, ética de equipo y talentos excepcionales, todo en su mejor momento, mientras que el Real Madrid, en la última ronda de su triplete consecutivo, superó con éxito a todos sus oponentes en la fase eliminatoria con la ayuda de una serie de fortunas muy consistentes. nunca disfrutado por ningún otro club en la historia registrada cuenta la historia completa: los problemas de Barcelona y el triunfo de Madrid fueron ideados y planeados.

Un resultado inexplicable de un partido en la temporada 2017/2018 que tuvo una influencia indirecta en la eventual victoria del Real Madrid fue la paliza por 3-0 al Barcelona en Roma. La eliminación del FC Barcelona por parte de la AS Roma de la Champions League 2017/2018 ayudó a evitar un posible choque con el Real Madrid que podría haber resultado en una derrota casi segura para los eventuales campeones. Esta eliminación de la Roma también tiene implicaciones mucho mayores para el Barcelona en un futuro próximo. La derrota de Roma supuso que el Liverpool se escapara de un posible encuentro con el Barcelona. El resurgimiento y aparición del Liverpool en la final presagia un desarrollo preocupante para el Barcelona. Dado que en la base de cabeza a cabeza, Liverpool ganó el último partido en la primera serie de eliminatorias de la temporada 2006/2007, por lo tanto, Barcelona habría tenido un choque de semifinales con Liverpool a su favor.

El problema que ha sacado a la luz la victoria de la Roma y el surgimiento del Liverpool es que los problemas que enfrentó el Barcelona de 2010 a 2012 y que causaron que el Eyjafjallajokul creara una ventaja para el Inter de Milán están a punto de asomar su fea cabeza una vez más. El hecho es que Liverpool y Barcelona están actualmente en cinco títulos europeos cada uno. Junto con el Bayern de Múnich, este trío constituye tres de los equipos que han ganado cinco títulos al más alto nivel en el fútbol europeo. Liverpool y Bayern Munich lograron triples de su quíntuple en la era de la Copa de Europa. Ambos tuvieron épocas doradas en el fútbol de clubes anteriores a la del Barcelona.

Los clubes inglés y alemán tienen un pedigrí que el Barcelona no posee ni puede presumir. El Real Madrid también tuvo su época dorada en sus inicios que precede a todos los clubes. La precedencia de la época dorada del Real Madrid fue el factor por el que el Barcelona no prosperó en Europa entre 2009 y 2012, al igual que el Madrid entre 2014 y 2018. Con el Liverpool y el Bayern de Múnich en la cola de la gloria europea, el Barcelona está a punto de enfrentarse a la situación exacta. de 2010 cuando Eyjafjallajokul se desató sobre Europa.

Los problemas del Barcelona en Europa son principalmente con el Liverpool y el Bayern de Múnich. Estos son los obstáculos para el éxito del catalán en Europa. La regla de precedencia a nivel de clubes significa que Barcelona estará detrás de Liverpool y Bayern Munich por su sexto título europeo. Pero, a nivel de liga, la Serie A y la Premier League están actualmente empatadas en 12 trofeos europeos cada una, lo que significa que Juventus será el primero en alcanzar la gloria europea, seguido por Liverpool después. Sin embargo, al estar en condiciones de ganar por delante del Liverpool, la Juventus todavía se enfrenta a una oposición formidable por parte de los campeones reinantes. Sin embargo, esta amenaza se ha disipado con el fichaje de Cristiano Ronaldo.

El caso de Ronaldo es suficiente para explicar cómo el hombre podría, en una situación peculiar, mediante una actividad sostenida, adquirir la metafísica necesaria para logros extraordinarios. Ronaldo aceptó el desafío creado a raíz de la comparación de Messi sobre quién era el mejor del mundo. Para ello, cruzó a España en el verano de 2009 para demostrar que es el mejor jugador. Recuerda los 40 goles de su debut en la máxima categoría española. Después de años de rivalidad intensificada, en realidad adquiriría los poderes que serán la fuerza detrás de 4 títulos de la Liga de Campeones en menos de 5 años.

Ya no en el Real Madrid, la salida de Ronaldo ha creado un vacío, metafísicamente con el que cargó el pedigrí de la Copa de Europa del Real Madrid en los últimos años. Y pronto desplegará esta fuerza metafísica en Turín, donde hay un fuerte pedigrí de la Serie A de la Copa de Europa en la que la Juventus se encuentra actualmente.

Cuando la fuerza metafísica de Ronaldo se combine con los antecedentes históricos de la Serie A, se encenderá una chispa que creará el impulso necesario para la gloria en 2019. Es esta combinación de factores filosóficos e históricos lo que facilitará que Juventus supere a sus oponentes en la edición 2018/2019 de la Liga de Campeones.

Además del Real Madrid, los próximos años son importantes para los aficionados, directivos, jugadores y entrenadores del PSG, Barcelona, ​​Bayern Munich, Liverpool, Manchester City y Juventus en la UEFA Champions League. Es importante para los clubes que anhelan la gloria continental. Los próximos años, también, particularmente los próximos tres, son de gran importancia para la metafísica y la filosofía. Usando la Champions League como laboratorio, el transcurso de las próximas tres ediciones ayudará a demostrar que la metafísica es un fenómeno global. Que existe en la realidad; que hay fuerzas metafísicas en el universo; que tanto el Eyjafjallajokul como el Grimsvotn ocurrieron por instigación y como consecuencia de la comunicación entre las fuerzas metafísicas del mundo; que ambas erupciones volcánicas tuvieron como objeto a Barcelona; que las fuerzas metafísicas de la Champions nunca quisieron que el Barcelona ganara la edición de 2011 y; que el orden de Juventus, Liverpool y, en cierta medida, Bayern Munich como vencedores de la Liga de Campeones que aún está por comenzar, con el FC Barcelona teniendo que hacer cola detrás de ellos antes de su próxima gloria continental, ayudará a corroborar el hecho de que el Eyjafjallajokul tuvo la Los gigantes catalanes como principal objetivo.

Camisetas Deportivo Alavés Encuentra aquí todos los fichajes de fútbol, altas, bajas y rumores: Mercado de fichajes ✓ Noticias fichajes ✓ Fichajes La Liga

College Financial Aid: Pre-High School Saving

About 60% of all aid is in the form of loans, and increasing.

Saving: For example, if you start saving when your child is 5 years old, you will have 13 years to save before your child enrolls in college. If you can put aside $167 per month – that’s $2,000 per year – you will have saved $26,000 by the time your child begins college.

With a 6% return over the thirteen-year period, your $26,000 will have grown into $40,000. That $40,000 will be available to help you pay for your child’s college expenses like tuition and room and board.

Borrowing:If you choose not to save when your child is young, it is likely that your child will have to borrow to help pay for college. For comparative purposes, let’s assume you borrow $40,000 in increments of $10,000 per year for 4 years. Assuming a 6.8% interest rate and a 10 year repayment period, borrowing $40,000 will ultimately cost your child $55,200.

Difference: The difference between borrowing and saving is nearly $30,000 ($55,200 ─ $26,000 = $29,200). Thus, saving beats borrowing hands down.

3. The tax system gives incentives to college savers.

Both state and federal laws allow families to earn tax-free interest on college savings. The following example illustrates the advantage of earning interest tax free:

Assume when your child is born you invest a one-time, lump sum of $18,000 in a state 529 plan (see Points 4 – 6 below to learn more about 529 plans). By the time your child is ready to enroll in college at the age of 18, you will have access to $63,000 in order to help pay for your child’s college expenses.

If the same $18,000 were invested in a taxable vehicle with the same rate of return as the 529 plan, after subtracting the federal and state taxes that would be due each year, you would have access to only $43,000 to help pay for college.

The difference, which is essentially a government subsidy to promote college savings, is $20,000, all else being equal. Furthermore, some states actually allow deductions for contributions, making the 529 plan even more attractive to college savers.

4. 529 plans are the most popular and convenient way to save.

There is approximately $100 billion currently invested in state 529 plans.

5. Not all 529 plans are alike.

Each state has its own 529 plan. Investment options and fees may vary from state to state, so it pays to shop around. A couple of useful sites for comparing the different state plans are savingforcollege.com and Morningstar.com.

Most state plans have websites that include free electronic college saving calculators to help you decide how much to save in order to meet your saving goals.

6. The money saved in a 529 plan is not forfeited if the beneficiary does not go to college or gets a full scholarship.

Money saved in a 529 plan may be used to pay the college expenses of other family members, including siblings, parents, cousins and stepchildren. The money can even skip a generation and be used for a grandchild in the unlikely event that became necessary.

7. There is no right amount to save. It depends on your financial situation.

8. Do not save for college at the expense of maintaining your normal lifestyle or your retirement.

You don’t want to short change the amount you set aside for retirement. If you run out of money, there is no such thing as a retirement loan. On the other hand, it is relatively easy to get a college loan.

9. Two ways to save are:

o Save what you can afford after taking care of family expenses.

As was stated in Point 5 above, most state 529 plan websites have free electronic college saving calculators. Other websites, like finaid.org, have them as well. By using these calculators you can periodically check to see how well your savings are keeping pace with college costs.

o Set a target figure. A number to shoot for is the tuition fee at the major public university in your state. For a more ambitious goal, you might use the out-of-state tuition charge. This higher figure would also allow you to accumulate enough savings to pay for a good part of the tuition cost at a private college.

Most college saving calculators found on state websites automatically include information on the current and projected (in-state and out-of-state) tuition rates for the state’s main universities.

10. If you save in a 529 plan and later apply for aid, you may be subject to a very light «penalty» in terms of how much the amount you have saved will increase your expected family contribution.

If the child’s parents are the owners of the 529 plan, they may be asked to contribute some of that money under the rules of the need formula. (There is no such «penalty» if the plan is owned by the child’s grandparents. See Point 12 below for more on grandparents.) Let’s look at the example in order to better understand.

If you, the parent, manage to have $100,000 saved in a 529 plan by the time your child is ready to start college, the first $50,000 will not be considered at all when calculating your child’s aid award. (This is one of the ways the system rewards you for saving.) Only 5% of the second $50,000, or $2,500, will be assumed to be available to pay for college. In other words, the amount of your need will decrease by that amount.

Thus, one could argue that by diligently saving $100,000, you are ultimately worse off by $2,500. However, if you consider that you are very likely to have earned around $35,000 in tax-free interest over the saving period, you will realize that by saving you are actually about $32,500 better off.

11. There are other ways to save besides 529 plans. To look into other options, it is best to consult with a financial advisor.

Remember to choose an advisor who in very familiar with all applicable aid rules. The need formula treats savings differently depending on whether the parent or the child is the owner.

12. Grandparents too can help through 529 plans.

Based on a recent poll, two-thirds of grandparents say they are interested in helping to pay for their grandchildren’s college education. It is worthwhile to know, that money saved in grandparent-owned 529 plans is not considered when calculating the grandchild’s aid award. Furthermore, grandparent-owned 529 plan savings are not counted as part of the grandparent’s estate for estate tax purposes.

College Financial Aid: Pre-High School Saving (transcript)

I’ve spent the last couple months videotaping myself giving advice on how to take the SAT, but I know that getting a good SAT score is not all that you need to do to get into a good college. There’s a lot you need to know about financial aid and admissions. While I’m not an expert in those fields I have some friends who are and I recently had the opportunity to sit down and talk to Don Betterton.

Don is the former financial aid director of Princeton University. He was there for 30 years in that position. I got to know Don back in the late 80s when he was one of the assistant soccer coaches and I was on the varsity soccer team. Don and I have known each other for a long time, he’s a great guy and I asked him what I could do today before my kids are even in high school to help make paying for college easier when my kids finally do get to college.

So I grabbed my video camera and sat down with Don and hopefully you’ll enjoy the conversation.

Karl: So Don I’m excited, I’m about to learn the twelve things I need to know about saving for college for my children. Your first bullet is called putting aside money for college is a good idea, the earlier the better. My question for you would be, who is it a good idea for: me or my children?

Don: Actually it’s a good idea for both. What I like to do is compare «Savings vs. Borrowing» because if you don’t save now the chances are your child is going to have to borrow later on. So I have an example here, depending on how old your children are.

Karl: I have a 9-year-old, a 7-year-old, and a 6-year-old.

Don: Okay. Well my example is based on a 5-year-old. So let’s start with that. Thirteen years until college, you start putting aside money when your son is 5-years-old. You put aside $2,000 per year over that thirteen year period; you’ve set aside $26,000 dollars. The interest accumulation over that period of time means you’ll have $46,000 ready to go to college when he’s 18 years old.

Let’s say you don’t do that, you don’t put aside any money at all. You still need $40,000, now you have to borrow that money. He takes out a student loan, graduates with $40,000 worth of debt. He has to repay that at a 6.8% interest rate over a 10 year period. Guess how much he’ll have to repay?

Karl: $55,200. (laughs)

Don: I think you’ve been looking at that sheet! Anyway, so that’s a good point. Once you’re set with the savings, you put aside $26,000 for the $40,000. Borrowing, he borrows the same $40,000 and he has to repay $55,000. There’s almost a $30,000 difference in this example between savings and borrowing.

Karl: Right and I agree with you. I think that if you do the numbers it works out to be $167 per month for me right now. I think that if you start putting away that amount of money, you just get used to it, you learn to live without it, and before you know it you have this nest egg that’s ready for the children and their college education. So just to recap, you’re point number two was saving beats borrowing hands down – I agree with you 100%.

Can you explain for me point number three which is, the tax system gives incentives to college savers. What does that mean?

Don: Yeah it sure does, there’s something called the 529 Plan, which the government has set up and that’s the provision of the Internal Revenue Service. It says you do not have to pay taxes on money put in this particular college savings plan. Not only do you not have to pay federal taxes, but you don’t have to pay state taxes.

So what it means is this money accumulates without any tax payments over this thirteen year period we talked about. It’s a substantial difference if you accumulate money paying taxes every year versus not paying taxes.

An example I like to use would be, if you set aside at age 0 when your child is born, $18,000. If you have to pay taxes on that over a period of 18 years, you’ll have accumulated $43,000. If you do it in a 529 plan with all the advantages inherited in that, you’ll actually accumulate $63,000. So it’s quite a difference in your pocket, your out of pocket expense, and in savings in any way that’s taxable versus the 529 plan which are non-taxable in the federal or the state level.

Karl: So really what it comes down to is there is a $20,000 difference in your example that would go to me and my child’s education versus…

Don: Right, it’s a government subsidy for saving for college basically.

Karl: Okay, so your point number 4 is 529 plans are the most popular and convenient way to save. What are 529 plans?

Don: 529 plans are these government sponsored savings plan, which are now by far the most popular way to save for college. I think there’s like a hundred billion dollars in these plans as of the current time. They simply are I think the most convenient, easy way to save for college.

Karl: Now you say government plans, are they federal or state plans for the most part?

Don: The federal government puts in the rules as far as these tax advantages we talked about, but actually the plans are set up within each state, they establish their own. So when they look at 529 plans, you normally start looking at your own state plan because of certain advantages as far as state tax deductions, there may be some scholarship benefits. There’s also a very good website called savingforcollege.com and I think it’s worthwhile before one invests in one’s own state plan to at least go on that website and check some of the provisions of other state plans to see whether your state is offering the best deal for you or whether you might do even better by going to another state.

Karl: Okay, you just answered your point 5 which is not all 529 plans alike you should shop around. And the website was collegesaving…

Don: Savingforcollege.com.

Karl: Sorry about that! Savingforcollege.com. Number 6, what if the beneficiary doesn’t go to college or gets a full scholarship? Now you know all of my children are going to get full rides, so this is a complete waste of time for me, but let’s just pretend they’re not as special as I think they are!

Don: Well if you can’t use any of your children, do you have any nephews or nieces? I guess is my question.

Karl: I do, I do. Both of my sisters have kids, so I have two nieces and three nephews.

Don: Okay well, the way they’ve set up the rules is you initially establish a beneficiary. If he or she does not go to college, has a scholarship, you can then move the money around to other beneficiaries, including your whole family: your cousins, your first cousins, or if you want to go back to school you can use it yourself. You can actually skip a generation and it could even go to your grandchildren, but we won’t get into that right now!

Karl: Well speaking of different generations my parents have at times expressed an interest in helping me save for my children’s education. Is it first of all typical for grandparents to want to get involved? And if they want to, can they get involved?

Don: Yes. I read a recent pole that says two thirds of grandparents would like to help their grandchildren with college to some extent. A 529 plan is an excellent option for grandparents. We haven’t talked about the effect of the financial aid formula on these savings yet, but there’s kind of a light tax on savings that would be held in the parents’ name. If the grandparents save the money for college, they’re not part of the financial aid system at all. So one doesn’t even have to worry about that.

The other advantage of grandparents is as they’re building up their estate and they move this money, none of it counts even though their the owner in their estate. So it’s actually a good estate planning technique as well. And farther down the line, they’ll help their grandchildren, which I’m sure they really would like to do.

Karl: Okay now we talked a little before about what is the right amount to save. Now you threw out some examples of $167 a month and I asked you a question: what if I can’t save that much, what should I do? The other variable is I don’t know how expensive school is going to be when they get to that age. Is there sort of a right amount to save or how do you go about figuring out what the right amount is?

Don: The easiest answer to that is simply save what you could afford after you take care, as we talked about before your current living expenses and your retirement protection. If one wants to set a target figure, I think a reasonable one is the out of state tuition for wherever your flag ship public institution is. In New Jersey they use rectors as an example; the out of state tuition for a student that comes from out of state and attends rectors is about $17,000 a year currently. If you take that and you inflate it over a period of time that ends up being thirteen years using the same 5-year-old example. $168,000 is what you’re facing way down the line. You’d have to put aside about $450 a month to meet a target like that over that period of time.

So, some families can’t afford it. If you could afford that, it’s a very good number to shoot for because then if your student stays in state that amount of money would probably pay for tuition, plus room, plus board and if they go to a private institution, it will probably pay a good part of the private institutions tuition. So it’s a reasonable target figure. It can be expensive but if that’s not possible, any amount you save is better than not saving at all.

Karl: Don, one last question on a topic that we didn’t really cover I don’t think in the last segment. Will I ultimately be penalized if I’m a good person that saves and does everything I’m supposed to when I get to that financial aid award when my kids get to school?

Don: Yeah that’s a really good question and I hear that quite a bit. Am I penalized for saving? Whether it’s in a 529 plan or any other form of savings the financial aid formula is really fairly light on how they treat savings. Let me give you an example:

If by the time your son gets to college, you have $100,000 in some form or another savings, investments, 529 plans, the financial aid formula first said you can reserve $50,000 that we won’t even look at. So now they only look at $50,000 of your $100,000. What’s called a tax rate on that, the amount that’s added to your contribution is 5%. So going through the math 5% of $50,000 is $2,500. So you’re contribution is now going to be $2,500 greater because you have $100,000, so I think that’s fairly a light treatment of the savings. As a matter of fact, if the $100,000 gained some interest during the years, chances are you can simply pace some interest off the top of it and never actually have to touch the principal at all. So whether it’s 529 plans or any other form of savings, it’s a good idea enough that the financial aid system treats it fairly lightly.

Karl: Awesome! Thanks Don I really appreciate your time and your knowledge and your willingness to share with me.

Don: Thank you.

Karl Schellscheidt

ePrep

www.eprep.com

Copyright 2006 – All Rights Reserved, ePrep, Inc.

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Uganda Pugilist John "the Matador" Munduga: The Buddy of John "the Beast" Mugabi

Pugilist John Munduga, a Lugbara of northwestern Uganda ancestry was one of the nation’s top boxers during his amateur career of the late 1970’s and early 1980’s. He was conspicuous for his lean build and tallness. Though he was in the lower weight classes, he was slightly over 6 feet tall. He has been regarded as one of the most skillful of Ugandan boxers. He would dabble as captain of the Uganda boxing team as he represented Uganda in several regional tournaments. Munduga competed at the summer Olympics that were held in Moscow in 1980, and he was there the national captain. As a professional, he fought in Europe and the United States where he brawled with several famous and top boxers. Munduga had a very high knockout ratio, and he remained undefeated for a relatively long time. He now resides in his native Uganda (in Naguru where he was born) where he is a high school coach and trainer–notably at Kololo High School near Kampala. During 2000, he was the national coach of the Rwanda boxing team.

Munduga was born on January 15th 1961 in Naguru near Kampala in Uganda where he studied at St. Jude Primary School where he played soccer. But he, early in life, became interested in boxing when he hang out at the Naguru Community Center near Kampala. He became a school boxing champion for several years, and then a national junior champion at age 11.

In 1977, Munduga represented Uganda at the annual Kenya vs. Uganda Urafiki Tournament. He won in the fight. He was summoned by national coach Grace Sseruwagi to get into residential training with the novices. Munduga excelled by beating his opponents then he was selected as the youngest on the team of Ugandan boxers to Thailand to fight in the international King’s Cup. Munduga impressively won a bronze medal.

In January 1978, at a Uganda vs. Poland match in Kampala, Munduga defeated Roman Gotfryd after the bout was stopped.

At the All-Africa Games of 1978, held in Algiers, Munduga lost in the second round to Kenyan Steve Muchoki who is renowned to have in the past beaten James Odwori, and having become am amateur world Champion. He tehrefore failed to move into the medal bracket.

Munduga represented Uganda at the Feliks Stamm Memorial Invitational that was held in Warsaw from November 9-11 in 1978. In the quarter-finals, the Ugandan defeated Jose Luis Rios of Cuba by 4:1. In the semi-finals Munduga beat Yuriy Prokhorov of the Soviet Union by 3:2. In the finals Munduga triumphed by beating Leszek Kosedowski (Poland) by 4:1. Here again, he won the gold. Out of the five Ugandan boxers at this venue, only Munduga was victorious.

At the Poland vs. Uganda Dual of February 1979, held in Warsaw, Munduga triumphed over the Pole Kazimierz Adach. Here boxers like Mugabi, Odwori, Butambeki, and Siryakibe were defeated.

Still in February 1979, Munduga was triumphant in the town Schwerin in German Democratic Republic where a dual match was held against Uganda. Munduga here defeated Lutz Kaesebier. Of the other Ugandan boxers, only Adroni Butambeki was triumphant.

Munduga was a 19 year-old when at the 1980 Olympics held in Moscow he was pitted against 25 year-old Nelson Jose Rodriguez of Venezuela in the first preliminary round of the light-welterweight contest. At just 5’5″, Rodriguez was about half a foot shorter than Munduga. The Ugandan triumphed on this July 21st 1980 by winning on points.

Munduga’s next Olympic battle would happen on July 26th, and here in the second preliminary he would box against Farouk Chanchoun Jawad of Iraq. Though much shorter, 25 year-old Chanchoun who was more experienced, would knock out Munduga in the second minute of the first round. The Ugandan claims that he started well, but then was unfairly punched in the neck and fell unconscious. Chanchoun is famously known to have been the Asia champion thrice. Munduga would take the position of 9th overall in the light-welterweight division.

But though Mugabi would win Uganda’s sole medal at the Olympics in Moscow, Munduga clearly stands out as the Uganda amateur pugilist that triumphed most for Uganda during the late 1970’s. He comes to mind as a very hardworking, skillful, dedicated and disciplined during a time when Uganda’s significance in boxing was quickly slipping down.

The World Boxing Council (WBC) rankings of July 24th 1987 ranked two Ugandan «Johns,» who had also represented Uganda at the Olympics, as among the top ten contenders for the world Super welterweight crown. Lupe Aquino of Mexico was the champion, John «the Beast» Mugabi was the top contender, while John Munduga was ranked as the sixth top contender. Apart from theoretically being rivals for the crown, the two were probably sparring partners given that they were both managed by Mickey Duff in Tampa in Florida. Mugabi, as a welterweight had won Uganda’s only medal haul at the Moscow Olympics–a silver in the welterweight division. On the world professional scene, Munduga would get to be nicknamed, «the Matador.» Munduga would talk of his boyhood friend Mugabi as one who «had a big punch early… at 9, 10 years, he used to knock boys out… was the only one that age who could» (Berger 1986).

Munduga started boxing as a professional in Germany, in November 1981, where he fought the first fourteen of his professional fights. Here he fought a cross-section of boxers from near and far, and he established an 85% record in these fights from 1981 to early 1984.

Thereafter he started competing in the United States whereby his first battle here was with Tommy Rogers in Tampa. He knocked out Rogers, then continued with his typical trend of knocking out most of his opponents up to when he battled Leland Hart whom he beat by points in Atlantic City in May 1986. At this stage, Munduga had a clean and imposing record of 24 wins, 0 losses, with 18 knockouts.

The next fight would be a scheduled 10-rounder with renowned American Mark Breland, a very 6’2.5″ welterweight who had won Olympic gold at the Olympics held in Los Angeles in 1984. He was two inches taller than Munduga. A very popular figure, 23 year-old Breland dabbled as an actor, and he had a very impressive streak as USA amateur champion. On June 21st 1986, Breland was pitted against the Ugandan. This happened at the Sands Casino Hotel in Atlantic City in New Jersey. Munduga was then ranked as ninth on the list of contenders for the welterweight crown, by the World Boxing Association (WBA), and sixth on the list of junior middle-weight contenders, by the WBC.

Munduga believed that it would be advantageous for him to land punches on Breland because the two were about equal in height. Munduga added that Breland had never fought an opponent as skillful as himself and he added that this was a big fight for which he had trained hard for. Breland, stating that he had fought many tall fighters during his amateur days, most of whom he had stopped, opined that it was tougher to fight short boxers. He had to bend lower to fight them, and bend even lower when they duck. Breland also regarded Munduga as the typical European fighter who would not be much of a problem, one who stands erect and comes right at you. According to Breland, Munduga had a good jab and looping right, but he was not much of a good puncher. Breland fought his first professional fight, only two months after he had won the gold medal at the Olympics in Los Angeles. He was touted to be «the next Sugar Ray Leonard,» an image that he would eventually not measure up to.

The first round revealed that both were right-handed, conventional style boxers. The taller and longer-armed Breland used these too his advantage of keeping Munduga at bay with these advantages though Munduga keeps attacking. In the first round the two were mainly feeling each other out for the pattern, the round was roughly even, but Breland uses the arm advantage to win.

In the second round, Munduga is rocked with a hard punch in the first few seconds, and he stumbles. Breland is very aware of it and he gradually moves in to attempt a knockout punch. Munduga has slowed down and he is indeed slightly hurt. But Munduga keeps attacking while the opponent’s typical reach keeps him away from scoring much. Breland’s height, slenderness, stance, and rocking blows remind one of a younger Thomas «Hitman» Hearns.

In round three, Bill Cosby, Muhammad Ali, Don King, and Jesse Jackson are seen in the high capacity 15000-audience that has come to see an Olympic celebrity box. At this time Breland was undefeated in 12 fights, but his knockout ratio was far less spectacular than that of Munduga. In this third round, Munduga is perplexed as to what tactics to use, but he courageously keeps going after Breland though he keeps running into the long-range punches of Breland.

In the fourth round Munduga becomes much more aggressive, but he is getting tired. However, Breland is apparently more fresh and gradual, like he is waiting for the chance to deliver the onslaught. Still, in this fourth round, Munduga delivers his best punches of the round, and they seem to slightly rock Breland off balance.

In the fifth round, Munduga displays more courage and confidence. He even rocks Breland when he is against the ropes, and he goes on to speed up on the attacking.

In the sixth round, the slugger Munduga is again the aggressive one and he keeps attacking Breland as he hopes to get through the opponent’s longer arms. Breland displays patience but awareness of his opponents rising confidence. He seems to wait for Munduga to become reckless and careless and leave his head open to blows. Indeed the moment comes in the sixth round. As Munduga further delivers powerful blows, Breland takes the upper hand and delivers solid killer uppercut and right-left-right bows to Munduga’s head that knock him down senseless on his back. The medical team quickly moves into the ring to attend to Munduga whose left eye is quickly closing up. The fight is decisively over; the referee Paul Venti did not bother to count him out. Munduga was hereby defeated for the first time in his boxing career. The boxing world mostly remembers Munduga because of this fight in which he displayed courage and skill against a famed and seasoned boxer.

Confident and victorious Breland remarked after the fight (AP 1986: 32).

«His plan was to come forward, hit and get hit. I knew he was a good puncher, but I punch pretty good too. His game plan was taken away and you can’t adjust in the ring unless you are real smart.»

Five weeks before the fight with Munduga, just after he had knocked out Ricky Avendano in the first minute of the first round, Breland was asked about how he rated himself, and he replied (AP 1986: 19).

«I really don’t know. What I do know is that I don’t want to be rushed into a title fight. Maybe a year or a year and a half from now. I want everything to be perfect.»

Between 1987 and 1990, Mark Breland became WBA welterweight champion, then he lost the title to Marlon Starling, then regained it, then lost it to Aaron Davis. Breland retired from the ring with an impressive 39 victories, 3 losses, and 1 draw.

Munduga’s head had been clobbered badly by Breland, he collapsed heavily to the floor. This fight, which is the most attached to Munduga, had virtually desrepaired and destroyed him. It took Munduga nearly six months to contest again. he admits that after this fight he was damaged, no longer himself, and he somewhat lost interest in boxing. In comparison, Uganda’s Mustapha Wasajja was never the same again after he ws knocked out by Michael Spinks; John «the Beast Mugabi» was never the same again when he was knocked out by Marvelous Marvin Hagler.

Next, in Las Vegas, he won in a mediocre fight with Alvaro Granillo in December 1986. His very last major fight was with undefeated Darrin «Schoolboy» Van Horn who was a student at the University of Kentucky, and a future International Boxing Federation (IBF) world champion. In Frankfort in Kentucky, more than a year since Munduga had performed in the ring, Van Horn knocked out Munduga in the seventh of a scheduled 10-rounder in February 1988.

Munduga fought his last three professional fights in Germany and Belgium, and he lost all of them by knockout to unheralded fighters. His last recorded fight is of November 1989. He had lost his luster. Munduga is recorded as having won in 25 fights in which 18 were by knockout. However in all the five fights that he lost, he was knocked out in each of them. Many had expected so much more from this formerly high-ranked boxer.

Between 1987 and 1990, Mark Breland became WBA welterweight champion, then he lost the title to Marlon Starling, then regained it, then lost it to Aaron Davis. Breland retired from the ring with an impressive 39 victories, 3 losses, and 1 draw.

Works Cited

AP. «Breland Wins 12th Welterweight Bout.» The Index Journal. May 16 1986.

AP. «Breland Floors Munduga in Sixth.» The Index Journal. June 22 1986.

Berger, Phil. «Mugabi: At Boxing’s Front Door.» New York Times. March 2 1986.

Camisetas AS Roma Noticias generales de Fútbol, comentarios, resultados, estadísticas, posiciones, audios y videos

The United States of America at the Summer Olympics: From 1896 to 2012!

Good Luck for London 2012!

1896 The States was one of the first 13 countries to send an athletic delegation to the Summer Games – among the world’s most high-profile sporting events– on Greek soil. This year was a key moment for the global’s sport.

1896 In Athens, the United States of America became the leading sports country of the world after finishing first in unofficial team standings in the First Modern Olympiad. There, the 1896 U.S. Olympic squad earned a total of 20 medals: 11 gold, 7 silver, and 2 bronze. Meanwhile, Boston-born James B. Connolly was the first person to claim a gold medal in Olympic history after winning the triple jump in Athens’ Panathinaiko Stadium. Back home in Boston, Mr. Connolly was given a hero’s welcome. Since 1896 -without interruption– America has been renowned for producing international champs.

1896 Thomas Burke’s rise to prominence came in Athens when he was the first winner of the men’s 100m in Olympian history, making him the world’s fastest sprinter. Mr. Burke was identified with the emerging generation of American athletes in the late 1890s when he realized his dream of winning the Olympic gold.

1896 What hurdler was the first American athlete to win an Olympic title? Answer: Thomas Curtis, a Massachusetts Institute of Technology student. He made a time of 17,6 seconds to win the gold in the men’s 110m hurdles in Greece.

1900 With 47 international medals (19 gold, 14 silver, and 14 bronze), the States once again became one of the world’s elite sports powers in the multi-sport event in Paris (France).

1900 Alvin Kraenzlein was in the spotlight as he, a born-athlete, led American team to win four golds in Paris: 60m, 110m hurdles, 200m hurdles, and long jump. To prepare himself to become an outstanding sportsman, the United States hurdler made his first overseas visit to the United Kingdom. Hailing from Milwaukee (Wisconsin), Kraenzlein was the American star in the Games of the Second Olympiad, followed by Ray Ewry (3 golds), Margaret Ives Abbot (first female in US history to capture an Olympian championship), and Irving Baxter (2 golds), among other high-profile athletes. On the other hand, Kraenzlein’s life has been an inspiration to several sports people in Wisconsin and the States.

1904 St. Louis (MO) was the site for the Games of the Third Olympiad. Unequivocally, the 1904 Olympics were in the focus of the attention of the world press.

1904 In the Olympic diving tournament in Missouri, the Americans swept the first three positions.

1904 Pittsburgh-born runner James Lightbody was the winner of the men’s 800m and 1,500m–He was the first male to win both these competitions at the same Olympics. Shortly afterward, he took a number of other major athletic titles, including the Intercalated Games in Greece.

1904 The host country’s team -made up of four stars: Herman T. Glass, Edward Hennig, Anton Heida, George Eyser- claimed first in the gymnastics tournament at the III Olympiad in St. Louis (MO).

1908 At the IV Summer Olympics in London (England), the US Olympic team was ranked second in the medal count -23 golds, 12 silvers, 12 bronzes-behind only Britain.

1908 With three wins (800m, 1500m and medley relay), New Jersey’s runner Mel Sheppard had an exceptional year in the Briton capital of London.

1912 Oklahoma-born Jim Thorpe won both the decathlon and pentathlon in the Summer Games at Stockholm, Sweden. Decades later, many sportswriters and sports experts selected Thorpe as both «the greatest football player and male athlete of the first half of the 20th Century».

1912 With three gold medals in the shooting tournament, New York City-born Alfred Lane became America’s most successful athlete at the V Summer Olympics on Scandinavian soil.

1912 Two future personalities competed in the Games in Sweden: Firstly, Avery Brundage in pentathlon-elected President of the International Olympic Committee (IOC); the first U.S. sports leader to occupy the post. Secondly, George S. Patton, General during World War II.

1920 At the Summer Olympic Games in Antwerp (Belgium), the States became undisputed champion when it was first in the medal standings with 95 medals. The U.S. team had more than 40 Summer Olympic Games Champions.

1920 In Belgium, Duke Kahanamoku earned the men’s 100m freestyle for the second time in a row. For the past four years, Hawaii’s sporting icon became the first islander to conquer the coveted title (Stockholm Games) and was a national-class swimmer in the States. Prior to 1916, the untapped athlete moved between his home, Hawaii, and frequent swimming events in the continental United States, where his only goal was to train to become the world’s fastest swimmer. There, he gained the national trials, capturing tickets for the Summer Olympics. As well as being one of the most outstanding swimmers on Earth since 1912, Duke Kahanamoku reintroduced the sport of surfing to the western world- he turned it into a great national passion in the continental U.S. Like Princess Bernice Pauahi Bishop and the performer Don Ho, his immense personal popularity added to Hawaii’s international fame.

1924 In the Olympics in Paris, France, America’s strong squad was first in the medal count with 99 – 67 medals more than Finland (second in the Games).

1924 The US water polo team took third place in the international competition, becoming the first American squad to be medalist in the Olympiad.

1924 After gaining four golds, America’s sportsmen became champion in the free-style wrestling tournament in the Games of the VIII Olympiad in Paris. The winners were Robin Read, Russel Vis, John Spellman, and Harry Steele.

1924 The United States swimmer Albert White quickly established himself as the «undisputed champ» in the Olympian Diving Tournament in France, winning golds in both springboard and platform diving.

1928 During the IX Olympiad in the Netherlands, the States was the leading nation in the medal count, earning 22 global titles -12 more than Germany.

1928 Pennsylvania’s Olympic ambassador Johnny Weissmuller won the 100m freestyle for the second time in a row in Amsterdam (Holland/Netherlands). He was one of the top favorites to win the title. Over a sporting career that spanned more than 10 years, he obtained 52 national championships and five Olympian golds. Likewise, he set 67 world records in the States and Western Europe. After stepping down as swimmer, he became a top movie star in Hollywood and co-starred with such prominent actresses as Brenda Joyce and Maureen O’Sullivan.

1928 Elizabeth Robinson had the distinction of being the first female to win the 100m (track & field) in the IX Summer Olympics.

1932 The Games of the X Olympiad were held in Los Angeles (CA)-for the second time in the history of the United States (St. Louis, 1904).

1932 World-class athletes led the US delegation to win the Los Angeles Games: 103 medals! -well ahead of Italy (36). Among Summer Olympic stars: Jesse Owens (track and field), Jim Bausch (decathlon, athletics), Edward Flynn (boxing), Michael Galitzen (diving)…

1932 The home country took third place in the Water Polo Championship, earning a bronze. The local team gained that distinction by beating Japan and Brazil.

1932 America’s Olympian decathlon champion Jim Bausch obtained the James R. Sullivan Memorial Trophy as the top Olympic athlete. Few were surprised when he received that award.

1936 Despite a troubled relationship with the Germany of Adolf Hitler, Washington dispatched a national contingent to Berlin, home to the XI Games.

1936 Alabama-born Jesse Owens captured America’s attention by earning four world titles in Berlin— 100m, 200m, and 4x100m relay, as well as the long jump. As a result of this, the United States sprinter was one of the globe’s most high-profile athletes in the 20th Century. This man is of great historical significance for America. Why? His big performance came at a time when there were fewer black athletes in the global sports arena, breaking down the barriers of prejudices, and occurred with the political backdrop of Germany’s Nazi regime. During Owens’ days as sprinter and long jumper, he became a symbol of the struggle against racism.

1936 The U.S. men’s soccer squad did not qualify for the second round after being eliminated by Italy-the world’s top-ranked team — but they finished 10th in the Olympic tournament, ahead of Taiwan, Egypt, Hungary, Turkey, Finland, and Luxembourg.

1936 The United States -a basketball-mad nation– placed first in the Inaugural men’s basketball championship in Germany, a feat they repeated from 1948 and ’68. The U.S delegation captured the universal trophy by beating Mexico (25-10) in the semis and then Canada (19-8) in the gold-medal match. On their way to win the event, the North American nation also defeated Estonia (52-28) in the second round and Philippines (56-23) in the quarter-finals.

1936 Glenn Morris, a native of Simla (Colorado), made headlines around the world when he obtained the James R. Sullivan Memorial Trophy as the top Olympic athlete in the States.

1940-1944 The Games were cancelled due to World War II.

1948 The United States received 23 golds in the Games of the 14th Olympiad in London, Great Britain, winning the unofficial team championship. In the meantime, in New York City, America’s win set off a wave of explosive emotion as it was announced on nationwide radio.

1948 In the United Kingdom, the young American Bob Mathias, who hails from Tulare (California), began to make a name for himself in track and field when he finished first in the decathlon with 7,139 points.

1948 The US basketball team claimed first place in the London 1948 Olympic basketball tournament, earning the title and allowing they to compete in the next Olympics in Scandinavia.

1948 Surprisingly Porter William led a United States sweep in the men’s 110-meter hurdles.

1948 Unbeaten in the decathlon, Robert Mathias –invariably known to his friends as «Bob»— earned the James E. Sullivan Memorial Trophy. He gained a gold medal the XIV Olympiad and those of the XV Olympiad in 1952.

1952 At the Helsinki Games, the United States delegation took first place in team standing by winning 40 global titles.

1952 With four trophies, America’s sportsmen finished first in the weightlifting competition in the 15th Summer Games in the Finnish capital of Helsinki, defeating the Soviet Union in the medal count.

1952 Pennsylvania’s runner Horace Ashenfelter was the first American runner to gain a gold medal in the men’s 3,000m steeplechase in Finland.

1952 The States captured a gold in basketball in the XV Olympics, giving the US squad access to compete in the upcoming men’s Olympic Games basketball championship in Australia in the mid-1950s.

1952 Upon winning an Olympic trophy in the men’s javelin throw in Scandinavia, Cy Young was the first person in America’s sporting history to receive that honor.

1955 Looking ahead to the 1956 Melbourne Olympics, the US Olympic Committee sent an important delegation (spearheaded by its top athlete Patricia McCormick) to Pan American Games in the Mexican metropolis—Among whom were the future Olympic winners: Rafer Johnson (decathlon), Parry O’Brien (shot put), Mildred McDaniel (women’s high jump), Huelet Benner (shooting), and Charles Vince (weightlifting).

1956 Norma Armitage, a fencer, was the flag-bearer for America’s fourteenth Olympian delegation at the 16th Olympiad at Melbourne, (Australia).

1956 The United States team took first place in the basketball tournament at the Melbourne Olympics following its impressive string of triumphs in the 1954 World Championships and 1955 Pan American Sports Games.

1956 Patricia McCormick gained two global titles (her fourth Olympian gold) in the diving championship at the Australia Summer Games, becoming a regional hero. Previously to her wins in Oceania, she had collected two golds in the Helsinki Olympiad and three women’s Pan American titles in 1951 and 1955. Hailing from Seal Beach (California), she was one of the most respect female divers in the world sports community in the 1950s.

1959 Santa Monica-born Parry O’Brien –who lived his dream of becoming an Olympic champ in 1952 and 1956 — earned the Sullivan award as the country’s top amateur athlete.

1960 In the Games of the XVII Olympiad in Italy’s capital, Rome, Wilma Rudolph was known worldwide by her triumphs in athletics — 100m, 200m, and 4x100m relay.

1960 The national team won the men’s basketball tournament in Rome after losing to Brazil in the gold-medal match at the 1959 World Championship.

1960 Louisville-born Cassius Marcellus Clay Junior gained the gold medal in the Games of the Olympiad in Rome-This boxer was a fierce athlete (both amateur and professional) in every arena he competed, giving an extraordinary example for America’s sportsmen and women. In the wake of his victory on Italian soil, he turned pro at the age of 18. Afterwards, by the 70s, he was regarded as the greatest boxer of all time by many international sportswriters. He converted to Islam, changing his name to Muhammad Ali in the mid-1960s.

1964 At the Summer Olympic Games in Tokyo, Japan, the US contingent captured 90 medals – 36 gold, 26 silver, 28 bronze– winning the first place in the unofficial team championships.

1964 The non-favorite runner Bob Schul came in first in the men’s 5,000m (track and field) in Japan, being the first American to do so since it was included as one of the official sports in the First Olympic Games in 1896.

1964 At the Tokyo Games, Billy Mills was the first person in America’s sporting history to take a gold medal in the 10,000meters since 1908 when men’s 10,000m became a medal sport.

1964 The men’s basketball team defeated the USSR/Soviet Union for their sixth straight Olympic Cup (1936-1964) after failed to make the top three in the men’s basketball World Championship in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil).

1968 America’s sports system produced several Olympic champions and future new stars in the XIX Mexico City Games, defeating the USSR in the medal count. The States won 45 golds.

1968 New York’s Bob Beamon set a long jump world of 29 feet 2 ½ inches, earning the Olympic title in the Mexican metropolis—which stood until 1991.

1968 Despite being considered a strong contender to earn golds in men’s swimming, Mark Spitz only won two Olympic titles in the United Mexican States, but that was a prelude to his «big win» in the next Olympiad in West Germany.

1968 The U.S men’s basketball side, among the globe’s most high-profile sports teams, obtained the gold for the seventh time in a row during the Mexican Games.

1968 America’s discus thrower Al Oerter made Olympic history to win his fourth consecutive gold (from Melbourne 56 to Mexico 68).

1972 World-class swimmer Mark Spitz made international headlines in the Munich Olympics after winning seven golds: 100m frestyle, defeating 47 competitors from 29 countries and territories; 200m freestyle, with a victory over his fellow athlete Steve Genter; 100m butterfly, first among 39 swimmers from 29 nations; 200m butterfly, finished first over his countryman Gary Hall; 4x100m freestyle, alongside David Edgar, John Murphy & Jerry Heidenreich; 4x200m freestyle, with his fellow Americans John Kinsella, Frederick Tyler, and Steve Genter; 4×100 medley, with Mike Stam, Bruce Tom, and Heidenreich. On the other hand, America’s coach James Counsilman was the «hand behind» the victory of his compatriot Spitz.

1972 While America’s elite swimmer Mark Spitz made Olympic history in the Summer Olympics at West Germany’s city of Munich, the basketball national team failed to earn the Olympian championship for the first time, after losing to the Soviet Union, led by its star and future famer Sergei Belov. Since 1936, the US squad went undefeated to win the Olympian championship.

1972 Olga Connolly –a gold medalist Olympic athlete for Czechoslovakia (Czech Republic since 1993) in 1956- was named as the flag bearer of the US Olympic delegation at the Opening Ceremony of the Summer Olympics at Munich, West Germany.

1972 Finishing ahead of the world’s top four runners — among these were Ethiopia’s Mamo Wolde and Japan’s Kenji Kimihara– Frank Shorter, a gold medal-winning marathoner at the VI Pan American Games in 1971, stunned West Germany by becoming the first American to gain the marathon since John H. Hayes in 1908.

1976 The women’s basketball squad of America earned the Pre-Olympic Cup in the Canadian city of Hamilton, qualifying for the Games of the Olympiad in Montreal. In Canada, that winning team defeated such teams as Cuba (89-73), Mexico (80-57), France (79-59), Poland (84-66), and Bulgaria (76-75).

1976 With Darrell Pace and Luann Ryon, the States finished first in the archery competition in the XXI Summer Olympics at Montreal, Canada.

1976 Surprisingly, with a world record of 49,99 seconds, Jim Montgomery captured the men’s 1oom in the Olympic Swimming Tournament. He achieved his greatest success at Montreal after gaining a bronze medal in the 100m at the II FINA World Championships in Cali, Colombia (South America), in July 1975.

1976 America’s charismatic athlete Bruce Jenner defeated West Germany’s Guido Kratschmer and Nikolai Avilov from the Soviet Union -winner at Munich’72– to earn the decathlon with 8.618 points. During his brief stayed in Montreal, he was regarded as one of the «most popular athletes» by sportswriters and Canadian fans. Upon his win, he became the face of the Summer Olympics during the 1970s.

1976 Women’s basketball debuted in the Olympiad with the US squad gaining a silver medal.

1979 As a warm-up to the 1980 Moscow Olympics, America’s sportsmen and women competed at the VII Soviet Spartakiad,between July 21 and August 5, 1979, in the Russian capital of Moscow–the world’s largest multi-sport event in the 70s.

1980 The world of sport was mourning the death of Jesse Owens-who had hundreds of fans outside the United States.

1980 After capturing the FIBA Seoul World Championship and the William Jones Cup on Taiwan, the women’s basketball side obtained a spot at the Moscow Olympics following a historic win over the host nation 76-75 in the World Olympic Qualification at Varna, Bulgaria.

1980 The men’s soccer squad made an unexpected returned to the Olympic scene when they qualified for the Moscow, but the American could not go the USSR.

1980 At the request of President Jimmy Carter,the U.S. Olympic Committee decided to boycott the Moscow Games after a votation, becoming a project against the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and then followed by 60 other governments and anti-Soviet rulers –as Albania’s Maoist chairman Enver Hoxha– around the globe. It was a major blow to America’s Olympian sport.

1980 Ahead of the Moscow Games, the American team were planning to spend many days training in West Germany.

1983 With the leadership of the future Hall of Fame player Michael Jordan, the American basketball team claimed first in the IX Pan American Sports Games at Venezuela, the most important pre-Olympic event in the Western Hemisphere.

1983 In preparing for its upcoming event -Los Angeles ’84, the U.S. Olympic Committee sent five future Olympian champs to the Venezuelan capital of Caracas to compete in the Pan American Boxing Tournament. They were Henry Tillman (heavyweight), Jerry Page (lt.welterweight), Pernell Whitaker (lightweight), Steve McCrory (flyweight), and Paul Gonzalez (super heavyweight).

1984 The Kremlin and its satellites in the developing world – the likes of Laos and the backed-Soviet Angola– and Eastern Europe decided not to participate in the Los Angeles Games. Similarly, four anti-American states, Albania, Burkina Faso, Libya and the Islamic republic of Iran, declined to send athletes to these Olympics. By contrast, Guinea, Guyana, Madagascar, Nicaragua, Romania, Seychelles, and Yugoslavia –states with difficult ties to Washington-competed at Los Angeles’84.

1984 Los Angeles (CA) was transformed into an «Olympic paradise» with the famous Olympic Stadium as backdrop. The largest city of America’s western coast, hosted the Summer Games for the second time, regarded as one of the greatest multi-sport events in Olympian history despite an international boycott.

1984 Guyanese-born Innis Jennifer became the first naturalized American to compete in the women’s long jump in the Olympics. As a United States athlete, she was runner-up in the Pan American Games at Indianapolis in late 1987. While competing for Guyana -an Anglophone republic on the South American continent– she placed 13th in the 1980 Olympiad. Jennifer’s athletic career dates from the time when she went abroad to compete in the 1979 Pan American Games.

1984 Edwin Moses came in first in the men’s 400m hurdles, capturing its second Olympian title. Curiously, he won all his races between 1977 and 1987.

1984 In California, the American track-and-field athlete Valerie Brisco-Hooks defeated the up-and-coming Florence Griffith Joyner to win the 200 meters. Brisco-Hooks also was the winner of the women’s 400m-she was the first sportswoman to earn both these competitions at the same Olympic Games.

1984 The 1984 U.S. Olympic team came close to winning the water polo gold after losing to Yugoslavia -an ex champion in 1968– in the finals.

1984 After being runner-up in the 1976 Montreal tournament, the US women’s team gained the III basketball championship in the Los Angeles Olympiad, securing a berth in the 1988 Olympiad in South Korea. The North American squad was one of the world’s most high-profile teams, attending every Olympic event from 1984 onwards.

1984 At Los Angeles, Mary Lou Retton won a gold medal in women’s gymnastics, becoming the first US women to do so. Aside from that, she won five 1984 Olympic medals.

1984 Surprisingly, Joan Benoit was the first person to gain the inaugural women’s marathon at Los Angeles by defeating Grete Waitz of Norway and Rosa Mota of Portugal (both world-class runners).

1984 America’s handball players participated in women’s tournament– It was the first appearance for the US side on the Olympic stage.

1988 At the United States Olympic Track and Field Trials at Indianapolis, California’s sprinter Florence Griffith Joyner, under Bobby Kersee’s watchful eye, lowered the previous world record of 10,76 seconds (established by her fellow team-mate Evelyn Ashford) in the 100m four times -a 10.60, 10.49, 10.71, and 10.61.

1988 Surprisingly, the men’s basketball team of America –often the favorites to obtain the competition-earned a bronze medal. In the last global tournament in Spain, by 1986, the national team placed first by defeating the Soviet Union.

1988 Astonishingly, America’s top swimmer Matt Biondi lost to Suriname’s Anthony Conrad Nesty in the men’s 100m butterfly.

1988 After finishing second in the women’s 200m in the Games of the 23rd Olympiad on US soil in 1984, Griffith Joyner became the globe’s fastest woman when she obtained three golds in the Seoul Games:100m, 200m and 400-meter relay. She added a silver medal in the 1,600-meter relay. But that wasn’t all. On September 29, 1988, she broke the world record twice in the women’s 200m — 21.56s (semi-finals) and 21.34s (finals). At the medalist’s press conference following his victory in South Korea, she said: «When you’ve been second-best for so long, you can either accept it, or try to become the best. I made the decision to try and be the best in 1988». As well as being named as the «sportswoman of the year» by sportswriters, sports comentators, and other experts in Western Europe and the States, she was praised in the Communist-controlled newspapers in the Soviet Union. By the end of the year, she obtained the 1988 Sullivan Award.

1992 John Smith, Kevin Jackson, and Bruce Baumgartner were the first American wrestlers to capture golds in non boycotted Olympic events since 1972.

1992 The so-called «Dream Team» made its long-awaited international debut in the Games of the 25th Olympiad in the Spaniard city of Barcelona, after beating Angola (African champion) 116-48. Later on, the team became Olympic champion. The US delegation included the NBA stars Patrick Ewing, Magic Johnson, Karl Malone, Michael Jordan, Charles Barkley, John Stockton, Chris Mullin, Clyde Drexler, Scottie Pippen, David Robinson, Larry Bird, and the young-up-and-coming player Christian Laettner. From the beginning, the American side was the «big favorite» by the media in Spain. Four years earlier, the 1988 U.S. Olympic squad-made up of American collegians– claimed third in the Olympiad -its worst result since 1972-previously they had a bad year in the pre-Olympic year of 1987 when the North American team losing to Brazil in the gold-medal match during the X Pan American Games in Indianapolis (IN). At the time, under Soviet/East German pressure (during Cold War, exactly), the International Olympic Committee (IOC) refused to accept professionals in the multi-sport events. Nonetheless, by 1989, the IOC ruled that professional athletes were eligible to participate in the Summer Olympics (1992-).

1992 The 19-year-old boxer Oscar de la Hoya, nicknamed «Golden Boy», gained the Olympian lightweight boxing title, upon a win over Marco Rudolph (Germany) in the finals–America’s only boxing gold in the 25th Olympiad,

1992 Evelyn Ashford qualified for the Olympics for the fifth time (from Montreal’76 to Barcelona’92).

1992 After not even qualifying for the 1988 South Korea Games, New Mexico-born Trent Dimas was the first American gymnast to become an Olympian champ during the Post-Cold War era.

1996 Kentucky-born Muhammad Ali-the Greatest– lit the cauldron for the Centennial Games in Atlanta, giving one of the more memorable moments in the Summer Games.

1996 After capturing the gold in the men’s long jump by defeating James Beckford of Jamaica, Carl Lewis, whose career spanned three decades, earned his ninth Olympic gold medal. Due to these trophies, he was considered one of the 20th Century’s greatest athletes. He began to represent the States in the international meets in July 1979 as he attend the VIII Pan American Games on Puerto Rico in July 1979-at the time Carl Lewis was an pre-Olympic hopeful.

1996 The men’s soccer team competed in the Games after being absent for two editions -Seoul’88 & Barcelona’92.Nonetheless, they placed ninth — the nation’s best result!

1996 The U.S women’s soccer team, one of the most popular squads on the North American continent, won the Olympic Cup at the Atlanta Games, the first time women’s soccer was included in the Summer Olympics. As host nation and medalist in the last global championship in Scandinavia, the U.S. team was the heavy favorite to gain the Olympic contest, well ahead of Norway’s side (the current world champ). Meanwhile, the backbone of America’s undefeated 1996 championship squad, Mia Hamm was the most outstanding player.

2000 Rulon Gardner defeated three-time Olympic champ Aleksadr Karelin of Russia -known during Cold War’s time as the Soviet Union/USSR — to win the Greco-Roman super heavy-weight final; Karelin had never lost an international championship. Gardner is widely regarded as the most remarkable wrestler in history of the US Olympic wrestling team.

2000 Baseball history was made in the Summer Games when the US side received the gold by defeating Cuba.

2000 The US women’s team finished first in the Sydney Olympic softball tournament, earning the gold. In the finals, they defeated Japan in extra innings, 2-1.

2004 The US took first place at the 2004 Athens, capturing 103 medals (35 gold, 39 silver, 27 bronze).

2004 Astonishingly, America’s basketball players won the bronze medal in the men’s Olympic championship, behind Argentina (gold) and Italy (silver). In Athens, the national squad was considered a strong contender to earn the event.

2004 Steven Lopez, whose parents are from Nicaragua (Central America), won a gold medal in taekwondo for the second time in a row. With two golds between 2000 (lightweight) and 2004 (middleweight category), he is the greatest American taekwondo fighter of all time.

2008 America’s soccer players obtained their Olympic ticket for men’s tournament in Beijing 2008.

2008 President George W. Bush made a special trip to the People’s Republic of China to attend the Summer Games.

2008 With special pride, Lopez Lomong –a former refugee during Sudan’s civil war 1983-2005– accepted to carry the American flag in the four-and-a-half-hour-long opening ceremonies of the Summer Games in Beijing’s National Stadium.

2008 After many disappointing years in which the States repeatedly lost the big events – 2004 Olympiad, 2006 FIBA World Cup (third ), 2007 Pan American Games (5th place), the national team won the basketball tournament.

2008 Maryland-born swimmer Michael Phelps shocked the world by winning eight Olympics golds in Beijing, China’s capital. This sports star — whose supporters number among them President George W. Bush– won the 200m individual medley, the 400m individual m, the 100m butterfly, 200m butterfly, 200m freestyle, the 4x100m freestyle relay, the 4x200m freestyle relay, and the 4x100m medley relay–breaking the 36 -year-old record of Mark Spitz. His victory in the Asian country was the subject of considerable media attention and was the most recognize face on the planet in 2008. The United States athlete is the most decorated sportsman in Olympian history.

2012 America’s modern democracy and political-economic system has produced a host of top-class athletes since 1896 (not as a political propaganda as occurred in the former Soviet Bloc): Alvin Kraenzlein (1900), Mark Spitz (1972), Mary Lou Retton (1984), and Greg Louganis (1984-1988), among other high-profile sports figures. Unlike many countries around the world, its sportsmen and women are lionized by their compatriots. In fact, they are Goodwill Ambassadors. At London 2012, the States might send 580 athletes, having strong chances in several sports as athletics, basketball, beach volleyball, boxing, gymnastics, swimming, tennis, women’s soccer, women’s volleyball, and wrestling. In the last FINA World Aquatics Championships at Shangai, China, for example, the US delegation captured 17 golds with sports stars like Michael Phelps, Ryan Lochte, Rebecca Soni, Jessica Hardy and Missy Franklin. Meanwhile, in the 2011 Athletics Global tournament, there were 12 winners from America.

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Ayub Kalule: The Road to The Fight With "Sugar" Ray Charles Leonard

Ayub Kalule, born in January 1954, is unanimously regarded as the gem of Uganda boxers. Among his significant amateur accolades are the Africa (Kampala), Commonwealth Games (Christchurch), and World Championship (Havana) victories all achieved in 1974. Kalule was crowned Africa Sportsman of the Year for 1974.

Kalule whose father was a Kampala butcher, was an excellent soccer player and sprinter when he was a schoolboy. But he soon came across and was intrigued by an article on Muhammad Ali. The impetus to box was also provided by his older brother Zaid who was a good amateur boxer. Kalule trained and practiced with his brother. Though Kalule is right-handed, he largely took on the boxing stance of Zaid who was a southpaw. Kalule would develop a good jab and hook.

While on a Uganda boxing team tour in Scandinavia, early in 1976, Kalule met Danish promoter Mogens Palle who offered to place him in the professional ranks. Within a month, Kalule left Uganda for Denmark, together with his wife Ziyada, daughters Marian and Zajida. Offspring later born, in Denmark included daughter Dauswa and son Sadat. Pressure had been placed on Kalule to remain in the amateur ranks, but his outstanding boxing success, the prospects of lucrative paychecks abroad, and the deteriorating political and economic climate during those years of the Idi Amin military regime, encouraged many Uganda boxers to leave for Europe. Some of the other pugilists who left Uganda in the 1970’s to box in Europe include Vitalish Bbege, Shadrach Odhiambo, Mustapha Wasajja, Cornelius Bbosa-Edwards, and Joseph Nsubuga. But it was also an era in which the numbers of Africans entering the professional realm was accelerating. Many Kenyan and Nigerian boxing champions also migrated for the lucrative fighting opportunities.

Kalule debuted as a professional pugilist in April 1976 in Copenhagen. Contrary to popular belief, he was not part of the Uganda team that was selected for the consequently boycotted Olympics in Montreal (July 18- 31, 1976). The Uganda team for Montreal included John Baker Muwanga (bantamweight), Venostos Ochira (light-flyweight), Adroni Butambeki (flyweight), Cornelius Boza-Edwards (featherweight), David Ssenyonjo (lightweight), Jones Okoth (light-welterweight), Vitalish Bbege (welterweight), and John Odhiambo (light-middleweight). And though listed, Boza-Edwards (future professional world champion) had already migrated to England and even represented England in at least three dual tournaments in early 1976. They were against Ireland, Denmark, and USA, and Boza-Edwards won in all of them.

In November 1977, Kalule became the leading contender for the World boxing Association (WBA). However, it would be nearly a full two years later, even after suing and legal action by Kalule’s management, that Kalule would be given a chance at the title. Mogens Palle would spend $20000 on traveling and pressing the WBA to maintain Kalule as number one contender and give him a shot at the title. The WBA was recognized as an extravagant, carefree, and flashy «fraternal club of Latin Americans» manned principally by Panamanians who had lucrative ties with apartheid South Africa and the Far East. The WBA sanctioned ridiculous title bouts, while blocking boxers that were far highly ranked. Mogens Palle would charge:

«These WBA people are all liars. Unless you send them mail that is registered, they claim they never receive it. You ask… for the rules, and they say they’ll send them, but… never do. You ask for justice… they say be patient… They don’t want anyone to have the rules, so no one will know when they are breaking them. When only the top people have the rules, they can play any game they want.» (Putman 1981)

Kalule became the Commonwealth middleweight champion when he knocked out Al Korovou of Fiji in May 1978 in Copenhagen. His biggest crown was his win over the Japanese Masashi Kudo whom he defeated in Tokyo, in October 1979, for the WBA junior-middleweight belt. His shot at the world title, for which he had been the foremost contender for more than a year, had for long been overdue. Kalule successfully defended his title four times, all the bouts in Denmark. At this time, apart from that one time in Tokyo, Kalule had never fought professionally outside Denmark. Kalule had, after tennis star Bjorn Borge, become the next renowned sports celebrity in Denmark.

The boxing world was quite divided as to who would win in the bout between 24 year-old «Sugar» Ray Charles Leonard and undefeated 27 year- old Kalule. Leonard had watched tapes of Kalule boxing and he said that he was, «quite impressed with Kalule’s constant attack; he fights with determination.» (AP 1981: 9)

Kalule’s strength lay in his being ambidextrous, in his strength, in his hard body, and in his stamina which were major factors in his wearing down opponents. But Kalule was more of a body-banger than a head-hunter. Though undefeated, Kalule’s knockout record was not excellent. Kalule had knocked out 18 of his opponents in his 36 professional bouts. And though impressed with aspects of Kalule, 5’10» Ray Leonard regarded 5’9″ Kalule as merely an advanced amateur fighter who in the ring stands straight-up in typical European style and goes directly to his opponent. And according to Leonard, Kalule was not fast enough in the ring. Though Kalule respected Leonard’s skills and status, Kalule was disappointed that popular Leonard was being treated as a Muhammad Ali, while he himself was being treated as the mediocre opponent and underdog.

While Leonard acknowledged that Kalule was a fit and well conditioned boxer who would be difficult to beat, the American predicted that he would end the fight within 10 rounds. On the other hand, renowned trainer Bob Arum was apparently Kalule’s biggest booster. He remarked, I expect it to go 15 tough rounds and I expect people to be standing at the end waiting to hear who won, and that winner being Kalule» (UPI 1981: 13). Kalule who had never been knocked down in a professional bout was adamant that Leonard had never faced an opponent like him, and that he would take his title back to Denmark. Kalule trained for much longer hours in the gym than did Leonard. Kalule’s trainer Borge Krogh, and his masseur Tage Nielsen were confident about their Ugandan fighter. Leonard, the World Boxing Council (WBC) welterweight champion would be attempting, in the quest for Kalule’s title, to become boxing’s only current dual title-holder. Impressive Leonard had only lost one fight in his professional career–a loss to legendary Roberto Duran of Panama.

In December 1979, in Denmark, 25 year-old Kalule defended his newly acquired WBA junior-middleweight title against American Steve Gregory who happened to be ranked third in the world. Gregory was also a sparring partner of Ray Leonard, both under renowned coach Angelo Dundee who was in Gregory’s corner during the fight with Kalule. Some suggested that Gregory was deliberately matched and sent over to Denmark as a test for the possible future Kalule vs. Leonard bout. Though Gregory was undefeated and highly ranked, he had not been as tested in the ring with tough opponents–he was the underdog.

Kalule outclassed and would out-point Gregory, whose hand became injured in the first round and who spent most of the time back-pedaling or hanging against the ropes, by a wide margin. The winner would take home an impressive $80000, and the loser grossed $40000. The world championship bout with Leonard, which was broadcast on short- circuit television, took place at Astrodome in Houston, amidst a crowd of between 25000 and 30000, on 25 June 1981. Leonard was guaranteed gross earnings of at least $2.5 million; while Kalule was guaranteed at least $150000. This would be Kalule’s greatest fight. Surprisingly, Leonard was in the first and second round the attacker of the solidly built Kalule. Leonard was the faster and more agile of the two boxers. This enabled him to hit Kalule as the champion struggled to figure Leonard out. Leonard’s compact jab convincingly penetrated Kalule’s defenses. The third round differed. Later on it would be revealed that a left hook delivery to Kalule’s head had resulted in the bruising of Leonard’s middle finger. The handicap would became permanent. Though the injury was troubling, Leonard valiantly attacked Kalule in round four, even dazing him a couple of times. Finishing Kalule off still remained hard, as Leonard seemed to ran into a brick wall each time he tried to subdue Kalule. The powerful exchange demonstrated just how unyielding and sturdy Kalule was.

Into round five, Kalule would establish control, mostly with his right hand. In round seven Kalule delivered a right to the challenger’s head. The blow knocked the Leonard off-balance. The challenger did recover, but Kalule gained confidence. Kalule exerted more toughness in the eighth round; Leonard was tiring and Kalule was establishing the upper hand. The ninth round was interesting. The pugilists looked exhausted but determined. The non-stop and no-holding exchange that had continued from the beginning of the bout did not show signs of waning.

Sturdy Kalule went on absorbing the challenger’s faster and more accurate punches in exchange for champion’s bruising, ambidextrous, and unpredictable blows. However the challenger did seem to sense that given the formidability of Kalule, the best solution would be for him to take the risk of delivering a quick flurry of combinations that would potentially disable Kalule. Leonard seemingly sensed that strong Kalule was also getting tired and slowing down. Near the end of round 9, Leonard delivered a series of hard combinations that seemingly confused the champion. A flash right hand knocked Kalule to the ground into a sitting position. He did not seem to be unduly hurt. He got up at the count of six, and backed up to the ropes of the neutral corner to further recover. The referee looked into Kalule’s face as he continued to count. Though Kalule stood up straight, the referee might not have been convinced that Kalule was ready to continue fighting. Kalule, who had heretofore never been knocked down and was probably temporarily at loss about how to react, did not raise his gloves to his face and step forward from the ropes to indicate as is the tradition, that he was ready to continue. The referee waved off the fight! Kalule appeared to be stunned by the stoppage, he shrugged his shoulders and arms in a protesting stance.

Most spectators probably opined that the fight was stopped prematurely, especially given that it was a global championship bought and given that Kalule was conscious enough to continue. Also, before the referee stopped counting, the ninth round had ended… but the bell was not rang. Ultimately, the fight was ruled as having been stopped at 3 minutes and 6 seconds of the ninth round. Kalule had hence been entitled to a minute-long stool corner interval, before moving on to the tenth round. Was the stoppage deliberate or otherwise a case of language miscommunication between Kalule and the Panamanian Spanish-speaking referee Carlos Berrocal who was also an assigned judge in the fight? Also one of the two-ringside judges was a Panamanian (Harmodio Cedeno), the other one was a Puerto Rican (Ismael Wiso Fernandez). And this was USA territory, popular Sugar Ray Leonard was a golden Olympian, one regarded as Muhammad Ali’s successor in terms of speed, skill, antics, and looks. Before the fight was stopped, the referees had scored Leonard as ahead by a couple of points: Berrocal (78-76), Cedeno (78-76), Fernandez (78-75).

Would Leonard have defeated Kalule if the fight had been allowed to continue? Probably. But though Kalule’s side was partly disappointed about the seemingly pre-mature stoppage of the fight, they were graceful about it and even conceded defeat. Kalule had planned to mount a full attack on Leonard after the ninth round, but then the knockdown had derailed the plan. Kalule, with his reserve of stamina was accustomed to fighting full bouts to the end. This was a 15-round title fight. Kalule conceded that Leonard was physically stronger than he had expected, Leonard admitted that Kalule was one of the best fighters that he had encountered. At this point only Roberto Duran of Panama had blemished Leonard’s record. Leonard would later in the year, in September 1981, defeat fellow American Thomas Hearns and be crowned USA Boxer of the Year. The fight with Kalule was regarded as a build-up for the fight against Hearns. A photo of Ayub Kalule fighting Ray Leonard graced the cover of «Sports Illustrated» of 6 July 1981.

After the fight with Leonard, Kalule would continue to fight at an average of three bouts a year–mostly in Denmark. He failed to recover the WBA junior middleweight title when he was knocked out in the tenth round by American Davey Moore in the middle of July 1982 in New Jersey. In November also in Atlantic City, in a non-title bout with Jamaican legend Mike McCallum, Kalule retired in the seventh round. In July 1985, in Copenhagen, Kalule won the vacant European Boxing Union (EBU) middleweight title when he knocked out Pierre Joly from Martinique. In December Kalule successfully defended his EBU title with a split decision win over legendary Sumbu Kalambay from Congo. In September 1986, in Sheffield, the Ugandan lost the title to Herol Graham when he was knocked out in the tenth round. This spelled the end of Kalule’s professional boxing career in which he impressively won 46 fights (23 knockouts), lost 4 (all by knockout), and drew none. He now lives in Uganda.

Works Cited

AP, «Sugar Ray Calls Foe ‘Advanced Amateur’.» Milwaukee Sentinel, (23 June, 1981).

Putman, Pat. «Fighting the Rulers of the WBA.» Sports Vault Illustrated (23 March 1981).

UPI. «Leonard, Hearns Fight Tonight.» Logansport Pharos-Tribune (25 June, 1981).

Camisetas Australia Noticias de Fútbol – Diario de Noticias de Navarra

Cómo escribir un informe de un partido de fútbol

Una de las funciones de un árbitro central tras la finalización de cualquier partido de fútbol es la redacción del acta del partido. Este es un documento que es muy importante tanto para la autoridad del fútbol como para la asociación de árbitros, debido a su importancia. La capacidad de redactar un informe bueno y preciso es el sello distintivo de un oficial de partido competente.

¿Qué constituye un informe de partido estándar?

Hora de inicio

La hora real del saque inicial debe indicarse claramente, incluida la duración del partido. El tiempo extra otorgado al final de cada mitad, incluida la fecha del partido, también debe incluirse en el informe del partido.

Nombre de ambos equipos

El fútbol generalmente se juega entre dos equipos con sus propios conjuntos de jugadores y oficiales. El informe del partido suele contener el nombre tanto del equipo local como del equipo visitante. El nombre del equipo local suele ir primero.

Nombre de la sede del partido

En el informe se debe escribir el nombre del lugar donde se jugó el partido. Los partidos generalmente se juegan en el estadio, excepto en los casos en que se utilizan otras instalaciones, como campos escolares y campos de entrenamiento de hoteles y organizaciones. En cualquier caso, el nombre del lugar es muy esencial. El comportamiento de los aficionados y oficiales en las sedes de los partidos también se incluye en el informe.

Nombre y cargo de los árbitros del partido

Por lo general, hay cuatro oficiales de partido en un juego estándar de fútbol. Incluyen: el árbitro central, el árbitro asistente 1, el árbitro asistente 2 y el cuarto árbitro. Cada uno de estos funcionarios tiene una columna donde se anexan sus nombres, asociación, cargo y firma. El nombre del comisario del partido debe insertarse en su informe.

Sustituciones, amonestaciones y expulsiones

Todas las sustituciones realizadas por ambos equipos deben registrarse en el informe del partido. También se deben registrar las amonestaciones y las expulsiones emitidas a cualquiera de los equipos. Recuerde indicar claramente la infracción cometida por el jugador por la que fue amonestado o expulsado según se indica en las Reglas de juego.

La diferencia entre la segunda y la primera radica en la grabación del incidente que motivó la amonestación y expulsión emitida. Al documentar estos incidentes, se realizan consultas con los demás oficiales del partido para garantizar que los informes sean lo más precisos posible.

Estado del tiempo y estado de la cancha

Las condiciones climáticas pueden resultar en la cancelación de un partido, especialmente cuando el clima es inclemente. Se debe incluir en el informe una descripción vívida de la condición del terreno de juego y las condiciones climáticas.

Goles anotados

El número de goles marcados y el nombre y número de camiseta del jugador que marcó el gol deben estar bien documentados. La puntuación final entre ambos equipos y el eventual ganador también se incluirán en la redacción.

El informe completo generalmente se envía a la autoridad de fútbol responsable de organizar el juego, ya sea por correo postal o electrónico. La duración estándar para enviar dicho informe suele ser de 48 horas después del partido. Es importante señalar que todos los incidentes ocurridos fuera del terreno de juego también deben registrarse, especialmente en caso de intimidación por parte de los oficiales de equipo contra los oficiales de partido. Al final del informe, se debe adjuntar su nombre, asociación de árbitros y firma al informe.

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Environmental Intelligence – The Truth About Lead in Synthetic Turf

Recent reports surrounding high levels of lead in artificial turf may, on the surface, be alarming. However, simply put, FieldTurf is safe and the science is there to prove it. Let’s review some of the extensive toxicology reports, testing, studies and supporting research.

1 – Background

Synthetic turf is, and has always been safe. In over 40 years of EPA oversight and OSHA-regulated manufacturing, there is no scientific or medical evidence that synthetic turf poses a human health or environmental risk from lead (or from any other material used in our products). While there were over 40,000 cases of elevated lead blood levels reported in children in 2006, there was not one case caused by synthetic turf and there has not been one single case reported since synthetic turf was introduced in the US marketplace over 40 years ago.

Lead chromate is a stable compound that was widely used by yarn manufacturers until around 2002 in the form of Chrome Yellow to create colorfast yarns that would not leach or «bleed.»

Dr. Davis Lee, Ph.D, Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Executive in Residence at the Georgia, Institute of Technology School of Polymer, Textile, and Fiber Engineering, said, «If a green synthetic turf field containing lead chromate is still green, then the lead chromate is still in the yarn. If the Yellow Chromate had leached out, the field would likely be blue.»

Yarns containing lead chromate were used (and are still found in) household and commercial carpet as well as in synthetic turf. The chemistry of lead chromate is completely different than lead carbonate that was previously used in household paint.

«Lead chromate is stable when encapsulated in the fiber into which it is extruded. Being encapsulated in the fiber, the lead in the lead chromate is not readily bio-available – meaning that even if the yarn breaks down, the lead in the complex compound which is lead chromate is not readily absorbed by the body,» states clinical and forensic toxicologist, Dr. David Black, Ph.D., of Aegis Sciences Corporation.

Lead chromate was chosen for use in the carpet industry because chemists and toxicologists consider it a safe compound when encapsulated in extruded yarn.

Yarn manufacturers began moving to alternative pigments in the late 1990’s due to new European waste management regulations regarding disposing of heavy metals. According to Dr. Lee, «If synthetic yarns containing lead chromate are burned, the lead in the lead chromate can be released into the atmosphere.»

Even though there are no similar regulations regarding the disposal of carpet containing lead chromate in the US, nearly all synthetic turf became virtually lead-free by around 2003. Importantly, there were never any health concerns over lead chromate in synthetic turf either in the US or in Europe.

Until very recently, lead chromate has been used in bright yellows and reds in some FieldTurf logo applications and in some cases, in the pigment used in yellow yarn that makes up the lines on some FieldTurf soccer fields. Even though the use of lead chromate in these applications is completely safe, we have moved away from the use of any lead chromate to eliminate any confusion with our consumers over product safety.

2 – Key Findings

Lead chromate has been used in a number of synthetic turf fields to extend the life of its colorfastness. Testing three fields in New Jersey with elevated lead levels, the NJDHSS focused on the bioaccessibility of synthetic turf, which it defines as «the fraction of a substance in a material that is soluble and made available for absorption» by the body. Findings validated the Synthetic Turf Council’s position, based on science and expert opinion, that lead chromate’s extremely low bioavailability prevents it from being readily absorbed by the human body.

From its tests, the NJDHSS reported that the amount of lead chromate contained in fibers from the three fields available for absorption in the intestine, which is where food altered by stomach acid is absorbed by the blood and lymphatic systems, ranged from 2.5% to 11%. We used the most extreme scenario, 11%, to calculate the amount of turf that would have to be ingested to equal the federal standard of 600 parts per million. In practical terms, it is virtually impossible for a child to be at risk from synthetic turf:

According to calculations made by forensic toxicologist Dr. David Black, a 50 lb. child would have to ingest over 100 lbs. of synthetic turf to be at risk of absorbing enough lead to equal the minimum threshold of elevated blood lead.

The Consumer Product Safety Commission’s guidance states that young children «should not chronically ingest more than 15 micrograms of lead per day from consumer products.» Putting these test results in perspective, polymer and fiber engineering specialist Dr. Davis Lee calculated that a child playing on the three New Jersey fields would have to wipe his fingers on the turf and put them in his mouth 750 times in a day to receive enough lead to equal the CPSC threshold level.

Dr. David Black performed the same tests as the NJDHSS, using the same protocol during late May, which showed an average bioaccessibility of 4%. The results of the two tests are similar and validate the safety of synthetic turf, including the synthetic turf NJDHSS reported to contain concentrations of lead chromate of between 3,400 and 4,700 part per million.

3 – The Facts

o Lead does not leach from synthetic turf.

o Bioavailability of lead from pigment is extremely low.

o Lead from dust at Ironbound (NJ) was tested and is not an inhalation hazard.

o Ironbound (NJ) children with regular exposure to the artificial turf field test normal

o Worker exposed to turf and particles for 30 years tests normal.

o Even assuming 50% bioavailability, the amount of ingested turf required to pose a risk is absurdly unrealistic.

The potential for hazard is determined by several factors, including bioavailability, the proportion of a chemical that is actually absorbed.

The City of Newark made blood lead testing available to children who played on the field. According to State of New Jersey Deputy Commissioner and State Epidemiologist Dr. Eddy Bresnitz, results concluded that the children had blood lead levels equal to or less than those tested in other areas of New Jersey who had not been exposed to other synthetic turf fields. Therefore, the Ironbound field did not result in elevated lead levels in the children from the Ironbound neighborhood.

The synthetic turf fields at the Old Tappan and Demarest High Schools, which initially had been closed, were sampled on June 6, 2008. The testing found lead in the green turf fiber at concentrations of 4000 mg/kg (Old Tappan field) and 6300 mg/kg (Demarest field).

However, when Dust Wipe sampling was conducted on the aforementioned Northern Valley (Old Tappan and Demarest) fields in New Jersey the results of the wipe test produced results between 10-35 µg/wipe which falls below the EPA guideline for dust on floors (40µg) and Interior Window Sills (250µg).

Both fields were subsequently re-opened.

4 – Wipe Testing, Explained

The hysteria can be attributed to improper testing methods. The test that has been conducted which is producing «high lead levels» is one that is done to determine the chemical composition of the fiber. Simply put, it does not assess bioavailability of potential health effects.

In this method, which is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) standard for hospitals ans schools, a known surface area (1 square foot) of the field is wiped in both directions (up and down, back and forth) with a lead-free wipe. The wipe is then analyzed for total lead by the laboratory. This will give dust lead results in microgram of lead per square foot (µg/ft2). This result can be compared to the EPA and HUD floor dust clearance standard of 40 µg/ft2. It should be emphasized that even this comparison is conservative, i.e. likely to over-estimate risk. The reason is that the dust clearance standard is based on daily year-round exposures of young children in their homes, whereas exposures at the field would be mainly to older children and of less frequency.

5 – What The Experts Say

US Consumer Product Safety Commission

«There is no indication that exposure to the turf could pose any harm. We are not recommending at all [that] communities shut down their playing fields.»

The Center for Disease Control (CDC)

«Testing on FieldTurf fields have consistently shown 10-20 ppms or less than 5% of the lead level regarded as problematic.»

«No cases of elevated blood lead levels in children have been linked to artificial turf on athletic fields in New Jersey and elsewhere.»

The New York Department of Health and Mental Hygience

«Based on existing HUD Guidelines and EPA standards, lead hazard risk assessments at these four DPR synthetic turf fields did not identify lead hazards.

Toxicologist Barbara D. Beck

«In interpreting the health risk from these results, it is important to recognize that people do not ingest the actual turf fibers. The NJ and EPA soil standards of 400 mg/kg are based on an assumption that small children may ingest approximately 100 mg of soil per day through hand to mouth activity. Thus, comparing the concentration of lead in the turf fiber to an acceptable soil lead concentration is not an accurate way to evaluate the human health risk from exposure to lead in turf fibers and is likely to overestimate risk, because the turf fiber is unlikely to be ingested (if at all) to the same extent as lead in soil.

The best way to evaluate exposure to lead on synthetic turf fields is to evaluate the dust present on the surface of the field. When people play on the field, they may get dust onto their hands or other exposed skin, and transfer the dust into their mouth through normal hand to mouth activity. Thus, the primary route of exposure we are concerned with is ingestion of dust. Lead has no appreciable absorption through the skin, and the inhalation of dust from the field is expected to be minimal, as any dust is likely to adhere to the turf fiber or rubber crumb padding rather than becoming airborne.»

(Dr. Beck is a lecturer in Toxicology at Harvard; Former Chief of Air Toxics Staff in Region I EPA; Fellow, Interdisciplinary Programs in Health at the Harvard School of Public Health)

New Jersey Department of Health

The following is an excerpt from an article which describes the events surrounding the closing of Montville’s artificial turf field after the first test found 852 ppm of lead — more than double the state-issued safe standard of 400 mg/kg. However, once the problem wipe testing was done the field was re-opened…

Montville OKs use of field after latest lead test – Daily Record (May 8, 2008)

Patrick Guilmette, a representative for PMK, explained at Wednesday’s meeting that the lead levels that were discovered are isolated to the core samples of the turf, and did not appear in the samples of dust, wipes and blades of artificial grass taken from the field.

«In other words, the lead is encapsulated in the fibers inside the turf and not leaching out to the surface to be ingested,» Guilmette said.

Township Health Officer, John Wozniak also received an e-mail Wednesday from James Brownlee, State Director of Consumer and Environmental Health Services. Brownlee confirmed the negative results from the fiber, dust and wipe samples, as discussed with Wozniak, in the e-mail.

But Brownlee recommended that the township discontinue watering the fields to limit dust, in light of the negative results. He also noted that if the matrix which binds the turf is not breaking down, watering the fields is not necessary.

«My recommendation would be to just have field managers monitor each field and look at potential degradation results that may result in matrix material becoming accessible,» Brownlee wrote.

Based on the state’s recommendation, the committee voted in favor of re-opening the fields without restrictions.

6 – The City of New York Department of Health and Mental Hygiene

Lead hazard risk assessments were conducted at four DPR synthetic turf fields from 3/11/08 to 3/12/08 by the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH). The risk assessments were conducted in accordance with The United States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) «Guidelines for Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing» (HUD Guidelines) by a DOHMH Associate Public Health Sanitarian and EPA certified Lead Risk Assessor. The risk assessments included a visual inspection of each site and collection of environmental samples for lead in dust, bare soil and deteriorated paint.

Applicable Regulations and Guidelines

The following stringent test method was used to determine the bioavailability of the encapsulated lead in the fields:

o EPA 40 CFR-745.65(b) defines a dust-lead hazard as surface dust in a residential dwelling or child occupied facility that contains a mass-per-area concentration of lead equal to or exceeding 40 µg/ft2 on floors or 250 µg/ft2 on interior window sills based on wipe samples. All dust wipe samples were compared with the EPA limit of 40 µg/ft2 on floors.

Based on existing HUD Guidelines and EPA standards, lead hazard risk assessments at these four DPR synthetic turf fields did not identify lead hazards. Some sample results indicated the presence of lead in the synthetic turf carpet fibers in the fields at West 27th Street and 10th Avenue, West 103rd Street and Riverside Drive, and East 120th Street and Park Avenue.

NOTE – Even though the total lead concentrations in the turf fiber exceeded soil criteria, New York City concluded that, because of the low lead in dust concentrations, none of the four fields tested represented a lead hazard.

7 – Field Testing at Northern Valley

The synthetic turf fields at the Old Tappan and Demarest High Schools were sampled on June 6, 2008. The testing found lead in the green turf fiber at concentrations of 4000 mg/kg (Old Tappan field) and 6300 mg/kg (Demarest field).

However, when Dust Wipe sampling was conducted on the aforementioned Northern Valley (Old Tappan and Demarest) fields in New Jersey, the results of the wipe test produced results between 10-35 µg/wipe which falls below the EPA guideline for Dust on Floors (40µg) and Interior Window Sills (250µg).

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